ارزیابی ریسک غیرسرطانزایی فلزات سرب، روی و کادمیوم مصرف کپور ماهی تالاب چغاخور
الموضوعات :
ثمر مرتضوی
1
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران)
عاطفه چمنی
2
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران)
مهسا تکش
3
(دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران)
مهسا پاکزاد
4
(دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران)
تاريخ الإرسال : 03 الجمعة , ربيع الأول, 1438
تاريخ التأكيد : 08 السبت , صفر, 1439
تاريخ الإصدار : 25 الأربعاء , رجب, 1439
الکلمات المفتاحية:
فلزات سنگین,
کپور معمولی,
تالاب چغاخور,
ریسک غیر سرطانزایی,
ملخص المقالة :
عوارض جبران‌ناپذیر فلزات سنگین بر بدن انسان سبب افزایش حساسیت و اهمیت کنترل مقدار آن‌ها در مواد غذایی شده است. در این راستا سنجش فلزات و ارزیابی ریسک سلامتی آن‌ها در کپور ماهی تالاب چغاخور دارای اهمیت بسزایی است. هدف این مطالعه، تعیین غلظت فلزات سنگین سنگین سرب، روی و کادمیوم در بخش خوراکی ماهی کپور در تالاب چغاخور بود. برای این منظور 45 نمونه کپور ماهی پس از هضم، با دستگاه جذب اتمی مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفتند. نتایج نشان داد مقادیر فاکتور وضعیت کپور ماهی تالاب چغاخور در حدود استاندارد معرفی شده برای ماهیان آب‌های آزاد قرار ندارد و میزان جذب روزانه و هفتگی فلزات با اختلاف چشم‌گیری به‌ترتیب از مقادیر PTDI و PTWI کم‌تر می‌باشد. هم‌چنین همبستگی منفی و معنی‌داری (01/0 P<) بین غلظت فلز سرب و کادمیوم و نیز همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌داری بین طول و فاکتور وضعیت ماهی (01/0 P<) وجود دارد. نتایج ارزیابی ریسک غیرسرطانزایی بیشترین مقادیر THQ را برای فلز روی و کم‌ترین مقادیر را برای فلز کادمیوم نشان داد که این روند در شکل‌گیری TTHQ نیز برقرار بود و TTHQ هیچ‌یک از فلزات بالاتر از یک نبود. هم‌چنین میزان مجاز مصرف برای کودکان و بزرگسالان روند کاهشی فلزات کادمیوم، سرب و روی را نشان داد. مقایسه میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین در این مطالعه با استانداردهای ارائه شده و دیگر مطالعات در اکثر موارد حاکی از کم‌تر بودن مقادیر این مطالعه و اطمینان بالا از عدم ایجاد ریسک سرطانزایی نسبت به مصرف کپور ماهی تالاب چغاخور بود.
المصادر:
· Afshar, T., Abdoli, A. and Hasanzade Kiyabi, B. (2014). Aspects of the reproductive biology in mudskipper (Periophthalmus waltoni koumans, 1941) in Hormozgan province. Journal of Animal Environment, 2: 33-40. [In Persian]
· Al Sayegh Petkovšek, S., Mazej Grudnik, Z. and Pokorny, B. (2012). Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in ten fish species from the Šalek lakes (Slovenia): assessment of potential human health risk due to fish consumption. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5): 2647-2662.
· AOAC. (1980). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, INC., Arlington, Virginia, USA.
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· Azizi, F., Khoshkholgh, M.R., Rahmani, H., Satari, M., and Anvari far, H. (2014). Population dynamics Sartorius fish (Alburnoides sp.) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the upstream and downstream Shahid Rajai Tajan River, Sari. Journal of Animal Environment, 4: 121-134. [In Persian]
· Banagar, B., Alipour, H., Hassanpour, M., and Gholmohammadi, S. (2015). Estimation of Daily Intake and Ptential Risk of Chromium, Lead and Cadmium in Consumers of Common carp and Zander from Grgan Gulf. Zanko Journal of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Science: 22-32. [In Persian]
· Bat, L., Sahin, F., Üstün, F. and Sezgin, M. (2012). Distribution of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the tissues and organs of Psetta maxima from Sinop Coasts of the Black Sea. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2(5): 105–109.
· Birungi, Z., Masola, B., Zaranyika, M.F., Naigaga, I. and Marshall, B. (2007). Active biomonitoring of trace heavy metals using fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator species. The case of Nakivubo wetland along Lake Victoria. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 32 (15-18): 1350-1358.
· Burger‚ J.‚ Gochfeld‚ M. and Jeitner‚ C. (2007). Mercury and other metals in eggs and feathers of glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) in the Aleutians. Environmental Monitoring and assessment, 152: 179-194.
· Chen, Y.C. and Chen, M.H. (2001). Heavy metal concentration in nine species of fishes caught in coastal-waters off Ann-Ping, S.W. Taiwan. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 9: 107-114.
· Darmono, D. and Denton, G.R.W. (1990). Heavy metal concentration in the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis and leader prawn P. monodon in the Townsvile region of Australia. Journal of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44: 479-486.
· Djedjibegovic, J., Larssen, T., Skrbo, A., Marjanovic, A. and Sober, M. (2012). Contents of cadmium, copper, mercury and lead in fish from the Neretva river (Bosnia and Herzegovina) determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Journal of Food Chemistry, 131: 469–476.
· European Community (EC), (2005). Commission Regulation No. 78/2005, pp. L16/43–L16/45. Official Journal of the European Union (20.1.2005).
· Elnabris, K.J., Muzyed, Sh.K. and El-Ashgar, N.M. (2013). Heavy metal concentrations in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza Strip (Palestine). Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 13: 44–51.
· Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), (1983). Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substance in fish and fishery products. FAO fishery circular, No. 464, 5–100.
· Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), (2012). Fishery and aquaculture statistics. Yearbook 2010. FAO, Rome: 1–107. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/yearbooks/en.
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· Gu, S.Y.G., Huanga, H.H. and Lin, Q. (2016). Concentrations and human health implications of heavy metals in wild aquatic organisms captured from the core area of Daya Bay’s fishery resource reserve, South China Sea. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 45: 90–94.
· Gungordu, A. and Ozmen, M. (2011). Assessment of seasonal and sex-related variability of biomarkers in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 31(3): 347-56.
· Hauser-Davis RA., Bordon IC., Oliveira TF., and Ziolli RL. (2016). Metal bioaccumulation in edible target tissues of mullet (Mugil liza) from a tropical bay in Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 36: 38–43.
· Hosseini, S.M., Kariminasab, M., Batebi-Navaei, M., Aflaki, F., Monsefrad, F., Regenstein, J.M. et al. (2015). Assessment of the essential elements and heavy metals content of the muscle of Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) from the south Caspian Sea and potential risk assessment. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(3): 660-671.
· Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, (2010). Food and Feed. Maximum limit of heavy metals, ISIRI No. 12968. [In Persian]
· Khushnamvand, M., Kaboudvandpour, Sh., Ghiyasi, F. and Bahram Nezhad, B. (2010). Comparison of bioaccumulation total mercury in the muscle tissue of two species of common carp and silver carp in Dam gheshlagh Sanandaj. Journal of Environmental Studies, 36(56): 47-54. [In Persian]
Luna-Porres, M.Y., Rodríguez-Villa, M.A. and Herrera-Peraza, E.F. (2014). Potential human health risk by metal (loid)s, 234,238U and 210Po due to consumption of fish from the “Luis L. Leon” reservoir (Northern México). Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11: 6612-6638.
· Marammazi, M., Zakeri, M., Ronagh, M.T., Kochanian, and P., Haghi, M. (2014). Diet and feeding indices of small scale sardeh fish (Capoeta damascina) in Sezar River (Lorestan province), Animal Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 27(3): 416-405. [In Persian]
· Mukherjee D.P. and Bhupander, K. (2011). Assessment of arsenic, cadmium and mercury level in commonly consumed coastal fishes from bay of Bengal, India. Journal of Food Science and Quality Management, 2: 19-31.
· Norouzi, M., Patimar, R., Golzariyanpour, K. and Abbasi, K. (2016). Study on some biological parameters of the Bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) in Sefidrood River (Guilan Province) and Siyahrood River (Mazandaran Province). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 25(3): 81-91. [In Persian]
· Pakzad Tochaii, S. (2013). Evaluation pattern accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) in tissues muscle, liver, kidney, gills and scales silver carp (Hipophthalmichthys molitrix) Sistan Chahnimeh. Journal of Oceanography, 4(13): 28-31. [In Persian]
· Pourgholam, R., Nasrollah Zade Savery, H. and Rezaii, M. and Varedi, S.E. (2011). Evaluation accumulation of some heavy metal and risk assessment health in muscle tissue of two types of white commercial fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) narrow snout and mullet (Liza saliens) from Caspian Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 7(4): 67-74. [In Persian]
· Rahimi, E. and Raissy, M. (2008). Determination amount of lead and cadmium in meat fish caught from wetland Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. Journal of Iranian Veterinary Science, 4(4): 79-83. [In Persian]
· Schreck, C.B. and Moyle, P.B. (1990). Methods for fish Biology, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, USA.
· Shaheen, N., Irfan, N.M., Nourin Khan, I., Islama, S., Islam, M.S. and Ahmed, M.K. (2016). Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Journal of Chemosphere, 152: 431-438.
· Shahriyari, A., Golfirozi, K. and Noushin, Sh. (2010). Amount of accumulation Cadmium and lead in the muscle tissues of three species of marine fish carp, mullet and white fish in the Caspian Sea basin and the Gulf of Gorgan in 2006- 2007. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 19(2): 95-100. [In Persian]
· Sinkakarimi, M.H., Donyavi, R. and Sadeghi-Bajgiran, S. (2015). Consumption limit for Caspian with fish in stand of Cadmium and Lead from Southeastern coast of Caspian Sea, Medical Sciences of Zanko: 32-43. [In Persian]
· Solgi, E. (2014). Risk assessment of non-carcinogenic effects of lead, cadmium, and zinc in Cyprinus carpio from Zarivar wetland. Journal of Health in the Fild, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, 2(4): 18-25. [In Persian]
· Tatina, M., Oryan, S.H. and Gharibkhani, M. (2009). Surveying the amount of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cd & V) accumulation derived from oil pollution on the muscle tissue of Pelates quadrilineatus from the Persian Gulf. Journal of Marine Biology, 3(1): 28-39.
· United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (1991). Human health evaluation manual, supplemental guidance: Standard default exposure factors. Washington, DC, OSWER Directive 9285 6-03.
· Uttah, C., Utth, E. and Ayanda, I. (2012). Environmental quality assessment of anthropogenically impacted estuary using fish genera composition, tissue analysis, and condition factor. Journal of Science and Technology, 13 (2): 537-542.
· Vinodhini, R. and Narayanan, M. (2008). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in organs of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Common carp). International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 5(2): 179-182.
· World Health Organization (WHO), (2003). Elemental Lead and inorganic Lead compounds: human health aspects, World Health Organization. A report published jointly by the United States.
· World Health Organization (WHO), (1985). Review of potentially harmful substances- cadmium, lead and tin. WHO, Geneva, (Repotrs and Studies. MO/ FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/ UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution), No. 22.
· Yi, Y.J. and Zhang, S.H. (2012). The relationships between fish heavy metal concentrations and fish size in the upper and middle reach of Yangtze River, Procedia. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13: 1699-1707.
_||_
· Afshar, T., Abdoli, A. and Hasanzade Kiyabi, B. (2014). Aspects of the reproductive biology in mudskipper (Periophthalmus waltoni koumans, 1941) in Hormozgan province. Journal of Animal Environment, 2: 33-40. [In Persian]
· Al Sayegh Petkovšek, S., Mazej Grudnik, Z. and Pokorny, B. (2012). Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in ten fish species from the Šalek lakes (Slovenia): assessment of potential human health risk due to fish consumption. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5): 2647-2662.
· AOAC. (1980). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, INC., Arlington, Virginia, USA.
· Ateş, A., Türkmen, M. and Tepe, Y. (2015). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Fourteen Marine Fish Species of Four Turkish Seas. Journal of Marine Sciences, 44 (1): 49-55.
· Azizi, F., Khoshkholgh, M.R., Rahmani, H., Satari, M., and Anvari far, H. (2014). Population dynamics Sartorius fish (Alburnoides sp.) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the upstream and downstream Shahid Rajai Tajan River, Sari. Journal of Animal Environment, 4: 121-134. [In Persian]
· Banagar, B., Alipour, H., Hassanpour, M., and Gholmohammadi, S. (2015). Estimation of Daily Intake and Ptential Risk of Chromium, Lead and Cadmium in Consumers of Common carp and Zander from Grgan Gulf. Zanko Journal of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Science: 22-32. [In Persian]
· Bat, L., Sahin, F., Üstün, F. and Sezgin, M. (2012). Distribution of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the tissues and organs of Psetta maxima from Sinop Coasts of the Black Sea. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2(5): 105–109.
· Birungi, Z., Masola, B., Zaranyika, M.F., Naigaga, I. and Marshall, B. (2007). Active biomonitoring of trace heavy metals using fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator species. The case of Nakivubo wetland along Lake Victoria. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 32 (15-18): 1350-1358.
· Burger‚ J.‚ Gochfeld‚ M. and Jeitner‚ C. (2007). Mercury and other metals in eggs and feathers of glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) in the Aleutians. Environmental Monitoring and assessment, 152: 179-194.
· Chen, Y.C. and Chen, M.H. (2001). Heavy metal concentration in nine species of fishes caught in coastal-waters off Ann-Ping, S.W. Taiwan. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 9: 107-114.
· Darmono, D. and Denton, G.R.W. (1990). Heavy metal concentration in the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis and leader prawn P. monodon in the Townsvile region of Australia. Journal of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44: 479-486.
· Djedjibegovic, J., Larssen, T., Skrbo, A., Marjanovic, A. and Sober, M. (2012). Contents of cadmium, copper, mercury and lead in fish from the Neretva river (Bosnia and Herzegovina) determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Journal of Food Chemistry, 131: 469–476.
· European Community (EC), (2005). Commission Regulation No. 78/2005, pp. L16/43–L16/45. Official Journal of the European Union (20.1.2005).
· Elnabris, K.J., Muzyed, Sh.K. and El-Ashgar, N.M. (2013). Heavy metal concentrations in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza Strip (Palestine). Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 13: 44–51.
· Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), (1983). Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substance in fish and fishery products. FAO fishery circular, No. 464, 5–100.
· Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), (2012). Fishery and aquaculture statistics. Yearbook 2010. FAO, Rome: 1–107. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/yearbooks/en.
· Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), (1989). Evaluation of certain food additives and the contaminants mercury, lead and cadmium, WHO Technical Report, Series No. 505.
· Gu, S.Y.G., Huanga, H.H. and Lin, Q. (2016). Concentrations and human health implications of heavy metals in wild aquatic organisms captured from the core area of Daya Bay’s fishery resource reserve, South China Sea. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 45: 90–94.
· Gungordu, A. and Ozmen, M. (2011). Assessment of seasonal and sex-related variability of biomarkers in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 31(3): 347-56.
· Hauser-Davis RA., Bordon IC., Oliveira TF., and Ziolli RL. (2016). Metal bioaccumulation in edible target tissues of mullet (Mugil liza) from a tropical bay in Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 36: 38–43.
· Hosseini, S.M., Kariminasab, M., Batebi-Navaei, M., Aflaki, F., Monsefrad, F., Regenstein, J.M. et al. (2015). Assessment of the essential elements and heavy metals content of the muscle of Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) from the south Caspian Sea and potential risk assessment. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(3): 660-671.
· Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, (2010). Food and Feed. Maximum limit of heavy metals, ISIRI No. 12968. [In Persian]
· Khushnamvand, M., Kaboudvandpour, Sh., Ghiyasi, F. and Bahram Nezhad, B. (2010). Comparison of bioaccumulation total mercury in the muscle tissue of two species of common carp and silver carp in Dam gheshlagh Sanandaj. Journal of Environmental Studies, 36(56): 47-54. [In Persian]
Luna-Porres, M.Y., Rodríguez-Villa, M.A. and Herrera-Peraza, E.F. (2014). Potential human health risk by metal (loid)s, 234,238U and 210Po due to consumption of fish from the “Luis L. Leon” reservoir (Northern México). Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11: 6612-6638.
· Marammazi, M., Zakeri, M., Ronagh, M.T., Kochanian, and P., Haghi, M. (2014). Diet and feeding indices of small scale sardeh fish (Capoeta damascina) in Sezar River (Lorestan province), Animal Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 27(3): 416-405. [In Persian]
· Mukherjee D.P. and Bhupander, K. (2011). Assessment of arsenic, cadmium and mercury level in commonly consumed coastal fishes from bay of Bengal, India. Journal of Food Science and Quality Management, 2: 19-31.
· Norouzi, M., Patimar, R., Golzariyanpour, K. and Abbasi, K. (2016). Study on some biological parameters of the Bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) in Sefidrood River (Guilan Province) and Siyahrood River (Mazandaran Province). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 25(3): 81-91. [In Persian]
· Pakzad Tochaii, S. (2013). Evaluation pattern accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) in tissues muscle, liver, kidney, gills and scales silver carp (Hipophthalmichthys molitrix) Sistan Chahnimeh. Journal of Oceanography, 4(13): 28-31. [In Persian]
· Pourgholam, R., Nasrollah Zade Savery, H. and Rezaii, M. and Varedi, S.E. (2011). Evaluation accumulation of some heavy metal and risk assessment health in muscle tissue of two types of white commercial fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) narrow snout and mullet (Liza saliens) from Caspian Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 7(4): 67-74. [In Persian]
· Rahimi, E. and Raissy, M. (2008). Determination amount of lead and cadmium in meat fish caught from wetland Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. Journal of Iranian Veterinary Science, 4(4): 79-83. [In Persian]
· Schreck, C.B. and Moyle, P.B. (1990). Methods for fish Biology, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, USA.
· Shaheen, N., Irfan, N.M., Nourin Khan, I., Islama, S., Islam, M.S. and Ahmed, M.K. (2016). Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Journal of Chemosphere, 152: 431-438.
· Shahriyari, A., Golfirozi, K. and Noushin, Sh. (2010). Amount of accumulation Cadmium and lead in the muscle tissues of three species of marine fish carp, mullet and white fish in the Caspian Sea basin and the Gulf of Gorgan in 2006- 2007. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 19(2): 95-100. [In Persian]
· Sinkakarimi, M.H., Donyavi, R. and Sadeghi-Bajgiran, S. (2015). Consumption limit for Caspian with fish in stand of Cadmium and Lead from Southeastern coast of Caspian Sea, Medical Sciences of Zanko: 32-43. [In Persian]
· Solgi, E. (2014). Risk assessment of non-carcinogenic effects of lead, cadmium, and zinc in Cyprinus carpio from Zarivar wetland. Journal of Health in the Fild, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, 2(4): 18-25. [In Persian]
· Tatina, M., Oryan, S.H. and Gharibkhani, M. (2009). Surveying the amount of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cd & V) accumulation derived from oil pollution on the muscle tissue of Pelates quadrilineatus from the Persian Gulf. Journal of Marine Biology, 3(1): 28-39.
· United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (1991). Human health evaluation manual, supplemental guidance: Standard default exposure factors. Washington, DC, OSWER Directive 9285 6-03.
· Uttah, C., Utth, E. and Ayanda, I. (2012). Environmental quality assessment of anthropogenically impacted estuary using fish genera composition, tissue analysis, and condition factor. Journal of Science and Technology, 13 (2): 537-542.
· Vinodhini, R. and Narayanan, M. (2008). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in organs of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Common carp). International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 5(2): 179-182.
· World Health Organization (WHO), (2003). Elemental Lead and inorganic Lead compounds: human health aspects, World Health Organization. A report published jointly by the United States.
· World Health Organization (WHO), (1985). Review of potentially harmful substances- cadmium, lead and tin. WHO, Geneva, (Repotrs and Studies. MO/ FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/ UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution), No. 22.
· Yi, Y.J. and Zhang, S.H. (2012). The relationships between fish heavy metal concentrations and fish size in the upper and middle reach of Yangtze River, Procedia. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13: 1699-1707.
