اثر رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری بر ویژگی‌های زراعی و کیفیت دانه ژنوتیپ‌های برنج (.Oryza sativa L)
الموضوعات : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمعصومه حبیبی 1 , پوریا مظلوم 2 , مرتضی نصیری 3 , علی افتخاری 4 , مرتضی مبلغی 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت، واحدچالوس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، چالوس، ایران
2 - استادیارگروه زراعت، واحدچالوس، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، چالوس، ایران
3 - استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات برنج، معاونت مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، آمل، ایران
4 - استادیارگروه زراعت، واحدچالوس، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، چالوس، ایران
5 - استادیارگروه زراعت، واحدچالوس، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، چالوس، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: آمیلوز, کم‌آبیاری, درجه تبدیل, دمای ژلاتینی,
ملخص المقالة :
وقوع کم آبی یا تنش خشکی در طی رشد گیاه افزون بر کاهش عملکرد، کاهش کیفیت فیزیکی و پخت دانه برنج را نیز به همراه دارد. از این رو، پژوهش حاضر جهت ارزیابی رژیم های آبیاری بر عملکرد و صفات کیفی 10 ژنوتیپ برنج در مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور (معاونت مازنداران-آمل) در سال زراعی 1396 اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با عامل اصلی شامل روش های آبیاری در سه سطح غرقابی (Flood Irrigation)، روش تر و خشک شدن تناوبی با سطح ایستایی 10 (AWD10) و 20 (AWD20) سانتی متری زیر سطح خاک و عامل فرعی شامل 10 ژنوتیپ برنج انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای مختلف آبیاری فقط بر طول دانه قبل از پخت، دانه خرد، محتوی آمیلوز و دمای ژلاتینه شدن از نظر آماری معنی دار بود. در میان ژنوتیپ ها، ندا با میانگین 6901/7 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت با میانگین 44/2 درصد، راندمان تبدیل با میانگین 72/3 درصد و درصد دانه سالم را با میانگین 65/3 درصد بیشترین مقادیر را به خود اختصاص داد. بیشترین درجه تبدیل (90 درصد)، طول دانه بعد از پخت (13/2 میلی متر)، نسبت طویل شدن (دو میلی متر) و دمای ژلاتینی (5/6) به ترتیب به ژنوتیپ های وندانا،IR74428-153-2-3 ، فیروزان وIR70416-53-2-2 تعلق داشت. به طورکلی، با توجه به اینکه صفات مهم کمی و کیفی ژنوتیپ ها در تیمار های رژیم آبی تفاوتی با روش غرقابی نداشت، در نتیجه ژنوتیپ های مورد مطالعه جهت کاشت در مناطقی با کمبود آب آبیاری قابل توصیه می باشد. لازم به ذکر است که ژنوتیپ ندا به دلیل افزایش چند صفت مهم کمی و کیفی نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ های مورد بررسی ژنوتیپ برتر می باشد.
Adu-Kwarteng, E., W.O. Ellis, I. Oduro, and J.T. Manful. 2003. Rice grain quality: a comparison of local varieties with new varieties under study in Ghana. Food Control. 14: 507–514. doi: 1016/S0956-7135(03)00063-X
1997. SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6.12. SAS Institute, Inc., NC.
Anonymus. 2012. Annual Report for 2011. Los Baños, Philippines. http://books.irri.org/AR2012_content.pdf
Bouman, B.A.M., R.M. Lampayan, and T.P. Tuong, 2007. Water management in irrigated rice coping with water scarcity. IRRI. Los Banos. Philippines. P: 55.
Cheng, W., G. Zhang, G. Zhao, H. Yao, and H. Xu. 2003. Variation in rice quality of different cultivars and grain positions as affected by water management. Field Crop Research. 80: 245-252. doi:3390/agronomy12123174
Darzi, A. M. Ghasemi Nasr, A. Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, and F. Karandish. 2018. Response of some characteristics of two local rice cultivar to integrated of irrigation and drainage. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 25(1): 31-44. (In Persian). doi: 22069/jopp.2017.13265.2192
Eisapour Nakhjiri, S., M. Ashouri, S. Sadeghi, N. Mohammadian Roushan, and M. Rezaei. 2021. The effects of different irrigation regimes and N fertilizer on yield, yield components and the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice (cv. Hashemi and Gilaneh). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58): 193-210. (In Persian). doi: 10.30495/jcep.2021.683382
Fofana, M., M. Cherif, B. Kone, K. Futakuchi, and A. Audebert. 2010. Effect of water deficit at grain repining stage on rice grain quality. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development. 2(6): 100-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JABSD.9000013
Ghosh, B., and N. Chakma. 2015. Impacts of rice intensification system on two C. D. blocks of Barddhaman district West Bengal. Current Science. 109(2): 342-346. doi: 10.18520/CS/V109/I2/342-346
Gilani, A., K.H. Alami-Saeed, A. Siadat, and M. Seidnejah. 2012. Study of heat stress on rice (Oryza sativa) grain milling quality in Khouzestan. Crop Physiology Journal. 4(14): 5-21. (In Persian).
Gnanamalar, R, P. Vivekanandan. 2013. Genetic architecture of grain quality characters in rice (Oryza sativa). European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(2): 275-279.
Hadiarto, T. and L.S. Tran. 2011. Progress studies of drought- responsive genes in rice. Plant Cell Reports. 30: 297-310. doi: 10.1007/s00299-010-0956-z
Hamada, A. 2000. Amelioration of drought stress by ascorbic acid, thiamin or aspirin in wheat plants. Indian Journal Plant Physics. 5: 358-364. doi: 10.3390/biology11111564
Hiromoto, Y.T., M. Hisrose, A. Kuroda, and T. Yamaguchi. 2007. Comprehensive expression profiling of rice grain filling–related genes under high temperature using DNA microarray. Plant Physiology. 144: 258-277. doi: 10.1104/ pp.107. 098665
Hosain, T., M. Kamrunnahar, M. Rahman, M.H. Munshi, and S. Rahman. 2020. Drought stress response of rice yiled (Oriza sativa ) and role of exogenous salicylic acid. International Journal of Biosciences. 16(2): 222-230. doi: 10.12692/ijb/16.2.222-230
Kheyri, N., Y. Niknejad, and M. Abbasalipour. 2018. The effects of using organic and biological fertilizer along with lower rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on quality and quantity of rice yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 47(3): 445-460. (In Persian).
Khush, C.S., C.M. Pauleand, and N.M. Dela Cruz. 1979. Rice grain quality evaluation and improvement at IRRI. In proc. Workshop on Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality. Los Banos. Philippines. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 21-31pp.
Lagomarsino, A., A.E. Agnelli, B. Linquist, M.A. Adviento-Borbe, A. Agnelli, G. Gavina, S. Ravaglia, and M. Ferrara. 2016: Alternate wetting and drying of rice reduce CH4 emissions but triggered N2O peaks in a clayey soil of Central Italy. Pedospere. 46: 533–548. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60063-7
LaHue, G.T., R.L. Chaney, M.A. Adviento-Borbe, and B.A. Linquista. 2016. Alternate wetting and drying in high yielding direct-seeded rice systems accomplishes multiple environmental and agronomic objectives. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment. 229: 30–39. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.020
Sh. 2013. Evaluation of effective physiological traits on grain yield of corn at different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and plant density. Crop Physiology Journal. 5(19): 17-33. (In Persian).
Limouchi, K., and M.R. Zargaran Khouzani. 2021. Evaluation of the effect of different irrigation regimes on the growth characteristics and yield of aerobic rice genotypes in northern Khuzestan. Journal of Plant production Sciences. 11(1): 90-112. (In Persian). doi:10.2./jpps.2021.684941
Limouchi, K., M. Yarnia, A. Siyadat, V. Rashidi, and A. Guilani. 2018. Effects of the irrigation regimes on the physical grain characters of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes in Khouzestan province. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 11( 2): 211-226. (In Persian). doi: 10.22077/escs.2017.380.1074
Mohammadi, S., M. Nahvi, and A. Mohadesi. 2015. The effect of irrigation interval on vegetative different on yield and yield component in rice line and varieties. Applied Field Crop Research. 28(107): 108-114. (In Persian) doi:22092/ aj.2015.105711
Nasiri, M., M. Meskarbashi, P. Hassibi, and H. Pirdashti. 2020. Evaluation and selection of drought tolerant rice genotypes using fluorometric methods. Journal of Plant Production Research. 27(3): 1-21. doi: 10.22069/jopp.2020.14475.2296
Panda, D., S. Sakambari Mishra, and P. Kumar Behera. 2020. Drought tolerance in rice: focus on recent mechanisms and approaches. Rice Science. 28(2): 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.01.002
Parker, R., and S.G. Ring. 2001. Aspects of the physical chemistry of starch. Journal of Cereal Science. 34: 1-17. doi: 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0402
Prathap, V., A. Kishwar, A. Singh, Ch. Vishwakarma, and V. Krishnan. 2019. Starch accumulation in rice grains sunjected to drough during grain filling. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 142: 440-451. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.027
Rabiei, B., and S. Ali-Hossein Tayefeh. 2015. Evaluating of gene actions controlling grain cooking quality related traits in rice varieties. Cereal Research Communications. 5(1): 17-31. (In Persian)
Rabiei, B.M., B. Valizadeh, M. Ghareyazie, R. Moghaddam, and A.J. Ali. 2004. Identification of QTLs for rice grain size and shape of Iranian cultivars using SSR markers Euphytica. International Journal of Plant Breeding. 137(3): 325-332. doi: 10.1023/B:EUPH.0000040452.76276.76
Raee, R., T. Hoang-Dung, T. Dang Xuan, and T. Dang Khanh. 2018. Imposed water deficit after anthesis for the improvement of macronutrients, quality, phytochemicals and antioxidants in rice grain. Sustainability. 10(4843): 1-12. doi: 10.3390/su10124843
Razavipor, T., M.R. Yazdani, and M. Kavosi. 2000. The effectors water stress in different growing stage on rice yield. Presented in the 6th National Conference on Soil Science. 26-28 June. Tehran. Pp 613-614. (In Persian).
Sam-Daliri, M., H.R. Mobasser, S. Dastan, and A. Ghasemi 2010, Silicon and potassium application facts on lodging related characteristic and quality yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Tarom Hashemi variety. New Finding in Agriculture. 4(3): 203-215. (In Persian)
Song, T., F. Xu, W. Yuan, Y. Zhang, T. Liu, M. Chen, and J. Zhang. 2018. Comparison on physiological adaptation and phosphorus use efficiency of upland rice and lowland rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Plant Growth Regulation. 86: 195–210. doi: 10.1007/s10725-018-0421-5
Tabkhkar, N., B. Rabiei, H. Samizadeh Lahiji, and M. Hosseini Chaleshtori. 2018. Assessment of rice genotype response to drought stress at the early reproductive stage using stress tolerance indices. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7(4): 83-106. doi: 29252/jcpp.7.4.83
Thakur, A., K. Mandal, R. Mohanty, and S. Ambast. 2018. Rice root growth, photosynthesis, yield and water productivity improvements through modifying cultivation practices and water management. Agricultural Water Management. 206: 67–77. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.027
Tuong, T.P., and B.A.M. Bouman. 2003. Rice production in water-scarce environments. Proceedings of the Water Productivity Workshop. IWMI. Sri Lanka.
Usefian, M., B. Arabzade, S. Soodaee Mashaee, and Y. Mohammadi Nesheli. 2014. Evaluation of different levels of irrigation on yield and qualitative of two rice varieties (Tarom and Shiroodi). Applied Field Crops Research. 27(104): 69-75. (In Persian). doi: 10.22092/aj.2014.101680
Yang, J., Q. Zhou, and J. Zhang. 2017. Moderate wetting and drying increases rice yield and reduces water use, grain arsenic level, and methane emission. Crop Journal. 5: 151–158. doi: 1016/j.cj.2016.06.002
Yoo, C.Y., H.E. Pence, J.B. Jin, K. Miura, M.J. Gosney, P.M. Hasegawa, and M.V. Mickelbart. 2010. The arabidopsis GTL1transcription factor regulates water useefficiency and drought tolerance bymodulating stomatal density viatransrepression of SDD1. The Plant Cell. 22: 4128-4141. doi:1105/tpc.110. 078691
Zakaria, S.T., S. Matsuda, S. Tajima, and Y. Nitta. 2002. Effect of high temperature at ripening stage reserve accumulation in seed in some rice cultivars. Plant Production Science. 5: 160-168. doi: 10.1626/pps.5.160
Zhang, H., Y. Xue, Z. Wang, J. Yang, and J. Zhang. 2009. An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime improves root and shoot growth in rice. Crop Science. 49: 2246–2260. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0099
_||_Adu-Kwarteng, E., W.O. Ellis, I. Oduro, and J.T. Manful. 2003. Rice grain quality: a comparison of local varieties with new varieties under study in Ghana. Food Control. 14: 507–514. doi: 1016/S0956-7135(03)00063-X
1997. SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6.12. SAS Institute, Inc., NC.
Anonymus. 2012. Annual Report for 2011. Los Baños, Philippines. http://books.irri.org/AR2012_content.pdf
Bouman, B.A.M., R.M. Lampayan, and T.P. Tuong, 2007. Water management in irrigated rice coping with water scarcity. IRRI. Los Banos. Philippines. P: 55.
Cheng, W., G. Zhang, G. Zhao, H. Yao, and H. Xu. 2003. Variation in rice quality of different cultivars and grain positions as affected by water management. Field Crop Research. 80: 245-252. doi:3390/agronomy12123174
Darzi, A. M. Ghasemi Nasr, A. Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, and F. Karandish. 2018. Response of some characteristics of two local rice cultivar to integrated of irrigation and drainage. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 25(1): 31-44. (In Persian). doi: 22069/jopp.2017.13265.2192
Eisapour Nakhjiri, S., M. Ashouri, S. Sadeghi, N. Mohammadian Roushan, and M. Rezaei. 2021. The effects of different irrigation regimes and N fertilizer on yield, yield components and the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice (cv. Hashemi and Gilaneh). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58): 193-210. (In Persian). doi: 10.30495/jcep.2021.683382
Fofana, M., M. Cherif, B. Kone, K. Futakuchi, and A. Audebert. 2010. Effect of water deficit at grain repining stage on rice grain quality. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development. 2(6): 100-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JABSD.9000013
Ghosh, B., and N. Chakma. 2015. Impacts of rice intensification system on two C. D. blocks of Barddhaman district West Bengal. Current Science. 109(2): 342-346. doi: 10.18520/CS/V109/I2/342-346
Gilani, A., K.H. Alami-Saeed, A. Siadat, and M. Seidnejah. 2012. Study of heat stress on rice (Oryza sativa) grain milling quality in Khouzestan. Crop Physiology Journal. 4(14): 5-21. (In Persian).
Gnanamalar, R, P. Vivekanandan. 2013. Genetic architecture of grain quality characters in rice (Oryza sativa). European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(2): 275-279.
Hadiarto, T. and L.S. Tran. 2011. Progress studies of drought- responsive genes in rice. Plant Cell Reports. 30: 297-310. doi: 10.1007/s00299-010-0956-z
Hamada, A. 2000. Amelioration of drought stress by ascorbic acid, thiamin or aspirin in wheat plants. Indian Journal Plant Physics. 5: 358-364. doi: 10.3390/biology11111564
Hiromoto, Y.T., M. Hisrose, A. Kuroda, and T. Yamaguchi. 2007. Comprehensive expression profiling of rice grain filling–related genes under high temperature using DNA microarray. Plant Physiology. 144: 258-277. doi: 10.1104/ pp.107. 098665
Hosain, T., M. Kamrunnahar, M. Rahman, M.H. Munshi, and S. Rahman. 2020. Drought stress response of rice yiled (Oriza sativa ) and role of exogenous salicylic acid. International Journal of Biosciences. 16(2): 222-230. doi: 10.12692/ijb/16.2.222-230
Kheyri, N., Y. Niknejad, and M. Abbasalipour. 2018. The effects of using organic and biological fertilizer along with lower rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on quality and quantity of rice yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 47(3): 445-460. (In Persian).
Khush, C.S., C.M. Pauleand, and N.M. Dela Cruz. 1979. Rice grain quality evaluation and improvement at IRRI. In proc. Workshop on Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality. Los Banos. Philippines. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 21-31pp.
Lagomarsino, A., A.E. Agnelli, B. Linquist, M.A. Adviento-Borbe, A. Agnelli, G. Gavina, S. Ravaglia, and M. Ferrara. 2016: Alternate wetting and drying of rice reduce CH4 emissions but triggered N2O peaks in a clayey soil of Central Italy. Pedospere. 46: 533–548. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60063-7
LaHue, G.T., R.L. Chaney, M.A. Adviento-Borbe, and B.A. Linquista. 2016. Alternate wetting and drying in high yielding direct-seeded rice systems accomplishes multiple environmental and agronomic objectives. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment. 229: 30–39. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.020
Sh. 2013. Evaluation of effective physiological traits on grain yield of corn at different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and plant density. Crop Physiology Journal. 5(19): 17-33. (In Persian).
Limouchi, K., and M.R. Zargaran Khouzani. 2021. Evaluation of the effect of different irrigation regimes on the growth characteristics and yield of aerobic rice genotypes in northern Khuzestan. Journal of Plant production Sciences. 11(1): 90-112. (In Persian). doi:10.2./jpps.2021.684941
Limouchi, K., M. Yarnia, A. Siyadat, V. Rashidi, and A. Guilani. 2018. Effects of the irrigation regimes on the physical grain characters of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes in Khouzestan province. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 11( 2): 211-226. (In Persian). doi: 10.22077/escs.2017.380.1074
Mohammadi, S., M. Nahvi, and A. Mohadesi. 2015. The effect of irrigation interval on vegetative different on yield and yield component in rice line and varieties. Applied Field Crop Research. 28(107): 108-114. (In Persian) doi:22092/ aj.2015.105711
Nasiri, M., M. Meskarbashi, P. Hassibi, and H. Pirdashti. 2020. Evaluation and selection of drought tolerant rice genotypes using fluorometric methods. Journal of Plant Production Research. 27(3): 1-21. doi: 10.22069/jopp.2020.14475.2296
Panda, D., S. Sakambari Mishra, and P. Kumar Behera. 2020. Drought tolerance in rice: focus on recent mechanisms and approaches. Rice Science. 28(2): 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.01.002
Parker, R., and S.G. Ring. 2001. Aspects of the physical chemistry of starch. Journal of Cereal Science. 34: 1-17. doi: 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0402
Prathap, V., A. Kishwar, A. Singh, Ch. Vishwakarma, and V. Krishnan. 2019. Starch accumulation in rice grains sunjected to drough during grain filling. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 142: 440-451. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.027
Rabiei, B., and S. Ali-Hossein Tayefeh. 2015. Evaluating of gene actions controlling grain cooking quality related traits in rice varieties. Cereal Research Communications. 5(1): 17-31. (In Persian)
Rabiei, B.M., B. Valizadeh, M. Ghareyazie, R. Moghaddam, and A.J. Ali. 2004. Identification of QTLs for rice grain size and shape of Iranian cultivars using SSR markers Euphytica. International Journal of Plant Breeding. 137(3): 325-332. doi: 10.1023/B:EUPH.0000040452.76276.76
Raee, R., T. Hoang-Dung, T. Dang Xuan, and T. Dang Khanh. 2018. Imposed water deficit after anthesis for the improvement of macronutrients, quality, phytochemicals and antioxidants in rice grain. Sustainability. 10(4843): 1-12. doi: 10.3390/su10124843
Razavipor, T., M.R. Yazdani, and M. Kavosi. 2000. The effectors water stress in different growing stage on rice yield. Presented in the 6th National Conference on Soil Science. 26-28 June. Tehran. Pp 613-614. (In Persian).
Sam-Daliri, M., H.R. Mobasser, S. Dastan, and A. Ghasemi 2010, Silicon and potassium application facts on lodging related characteristic and quality yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Tarom Hashemi variety. New Finding in Agriculture. 4(3): 203-215. (In Persian)
Song, T., F. Xu, W. Yuan, Y. Zhang, T. Liu, M. Chen, and J. Zhang. 2018. Comparison on physiological adaptation and phosphorus use efficiency of upland rice and lowland rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Plant Growth Regulation. 86: 195–210. doi: 10.1007/s10725-018-0421-5
Tabkhkar, N., B. Rabiei, H. Samizadeh Lahiji, and M. Hosseini Chaleshtori. 2018. Assessment of rice genotype response to drought stress at the early reproductive stage using stress tolerance indices. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7(4): 83-106. doi: 29252/jcpp.7.4.83
Thakur, A., K. Mandal, R. Mohanty, and S. Ambast. 2018. Rice root growth, photosynthesis, yield and water productivity improvements through modifying cultivation practices and water management. Agricultural Water Management. 206: 67–77. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.027
Tuong, T.P., and B.A.M. Bouman. 2003. Rice production in water-scarce environments. Proceedings of the Water Productivity Workshop. IWMI. Sri Lanka.
Usefian, M., B. Arabzade, S. Soodaee Mashaee, and Y. Mohammadi Nesheli. 2014. Evaluation of different levels of irrigation on yield and qualitative of two rice varieties (Tarom and Shiroodi). Applied Field Crops Research. 27(104): 69-75. (In Persian). doi: 10.22092/aj.2014.101680
Yang, J., Q. Zhou, and J. Zhang. 2017. Moderate wetting and drying increases rice yield and reduces water use, grain arsenic level, and methane emission. Crop Journal. 5: 151–158. doi: 1016/j.cj.2016.06.002
Yoo, C.Y., H.E. Pence, J.B. Jin, K. Miura, M.J. Gosney, P.M. Hasegawa, and M.V. Mickelbart. 2010. The arabidopsis GTL1transcription factor regulates water useefficiency and drought tolerance bymodulating stomatal density viatransrepression of SDD1. The Plant Cell. 22: 4128-4141. doi:1105/tpc.110. 078691
Zakaria, S.T., S. Matsuda, S. Tajima, and Y. Nitta. 2002. Effect of high temperature at ripening stage reserve accumulation in seed in some rice cultivars. Plant Production Science. 5: 160-168. doi: 10.1626/pps.5.160
Zhang, H., Y. Xue, Z. Wang, J. Yang, and J. Zhang. 2009. An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime improves root and shoot growth in rice. Crop Science. 49: 2246–2260. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0099
