Influence of Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on Agro-Physiological Characteristics of Corn (Zea mays L., S.C. 703)
الموضوعات :Felora Shamoradi 1 , Seyed Keyvan Marashi 2
1 - MSc. Graduated, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
الکلمات المفتاحية: dry matter, <i>Azotobacter, Net assimilation rate</i>,
ملخص المقالة :
In order to investigate the effect of sugarcane compost on consumption of nitrogenous fertilizers in corn fields, a research project was conducted according split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications along 2015 year. The main plot included different chemical nitrogenous fertilizer (Zero; control, 60 and 120 kg.ha-1 pure nitrogen from urea source). Biological nitrogenous fertilizers in three levels (Azotobacter, Nitrokara and non-application of biofertilizer) belonged to sub plots. The results of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of different levels of nitrogenous chemical fertilizer on plant height, leaf area index and total dry matter were significant at 1% probability level. But the differences were not significant for crop growth rate and net assimilation rate. The effect of different levels of biological nitrogenous fertilizers in all traits was significant at 1% probability level. The interaction effect of treatments on leaf area index at the stage of silk emergence was only significant at 5% probability level and was not significant difference for other traits. According the mean comparison result of chemical fertilizer the maximum and minimum values of the studied traits were observed in terms of consumption of 120 kg.ha-1 of urea and non-application of chemical fertilizer (control). Among different levels of biological fertilizer, the maximum and minimum amount were observed in traits of application of Nitrokara and without biological fertilizer treatment. In general, the results of the current experiment indicated that the use of chemical nitrogenous fertilizer and biological fertilizers in field with sugarcane compost had a positive effect on all studied traits and the best situation was obtained in 120 kg.ha-1 through chemical fertilizer and simultaneous use of Nitrokara fertilizers which could be of interest to researchers and farmers.
Aftab, W., A. Ghaffar, M. M. Khalid Hussain. and W. Nasim. 2007. Yield response of maize hydrides to varying nitrogen rates. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 44(2): 217-220.
Allen, M. F., T. S. Moore. and M. Cheristenses. 1980. Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. I. Cytokine increase in the host plant. Canadian J. Bot. 58: 371-374.
Alexandratos, N. 2003. World agriculture: Towards 2015-30. Cong. Global Food Security and Role of Sustainable Fertil. Rome. Italy.
Ansarinia, E. 2010. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield and agronomical traits of sunflower. M.Sc. Thesis. Islamic Azad Univ. Birjand. Iran. (Abstract in English)
Anzoua, K. G., K. Junichi, H. Toshihiro, I. Kazuto. and J. Yutaka. 2010. Genetic improvements for high yield and low soil nitrogen tolerance in rice (Oryza Sativa L.) under a cold environment. Field Crops Res. 116: 38-45.
Asadi Kupal, P. and Q. E. Zadeh Laserjan. 2009. Effect of bio-fertilizers and soil texture on rice growth. 1st Reg. Conf. Water Res. Manage. It’s Role in Agri. Islamic Azad Univ. Shahreh-Ghods Iran. (Abstract in English)
Azarpour, E., M. Moraditochaee. and H. R. Bozorgi. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on growth analysis of rice cultivars. Intl. J. Bio-Sci. 4(5): 35-47.
Azimi, S. M., A. Farnia, M. Shaban. and M. Lak. 2013a. Effect of different bio-fertilizers on seed yield of barley, Bahman cultivar. Intl. J. Adv. Biol. Biomedical Res. 1(5): 538-546.
Azimi, S. M., E. Nabati, M. Shaban. and M. Lak. 2013b. Effect of N and P bio fertilizers on yield components of barley. Intl. J. Adv. Biol. Biomedical Res. 2(2): 365-370.
Banerjee, M., R. L. Yesmin. and J. K. Vessey. 2006. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria as bio fertilizers and bio pesticides. pp: 137-181. In: M. K. Rai. Handbook of microbial bio-fertilizers. Ed. Food Prod. Press. USA.
Beadle, C. L. 1987. Plant growth analysis. In: Coomlos, J. D. O., S. P. Long. and J. M. O. Scurlock. (2nd Ed). Techniques in bio-productivity and photosynthesis. p. 21-23.
Bennet, J. H., R. A. Olsen. and B. Clark. 1982. Modification of soil fertility by plant roots: Iron stress-response mechanism. Plant Physiol. J. 13(1): 1-4.
Beyranvand, H., A. Farnia, Sh. Nakhjavan. and M. Shaban. 2013. Response of yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) to different bio fertilizers. Intl. J. Adv. Biol. Biomedical Res. 1(9): 1068-1077.
Chabot, R., H. Antoun. and M. P. Cescas. 1993. Stimulation de la croissance du maïset de la laitue romaine par des micro organisms dissolvent le phosphor inorganic. Canadian J. Micro-Biol. 39: 941-947.
Cathcart, R. J. and C. J. Swanton. 2003. Nitrogen management will influence threshold values of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in corn. Weed Sci. 51: 975-986.
Chen, J. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or bio-fertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Intl. Workshop Sust. Manag. Soil Rhizosphere Sys. Efficient Crop Prod. Fertilizer Use. 16-20 Oct. Thailand. pp. 11.
Clarke, J. M., and G. M. Simpson. 1978. Growth and analysis of Brassica napus cv., Tower. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 58: 587-595.
Delate, K. and C. A. Camberdella. 2004. Agro-eco-system performance during transition to the certified organic grain production. Agron. J. 96: 1288-1298.
De Sclaux, D., T. T. Huynh. and P. Roumet. 2000. Identification of soybean plant characteristics that indicate the timing of drought stress. Crop Sci. 40: 716-722.
Dwyer, L. M. and D. W. Stewart. 1986. Leaf area development in field-grown maize. Agron. J. 78: 334–343.
Egamberdiyeva, D. 2007. The effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on growth and nutrient uptake of maize in two different soils. J. Appl. Soil Ecol. 36: 184-189.
Egly, D. B. and R. D. Guffy. 1997. Factors associated with reduced yields of delayed planting of soybean. Agron. J. 159: 176-185.
Emam, Y. and M. N. Eilkaee. 2002. Effects of plant density and chlormequat chloride (CCC) on morphological characteristics and grain yield of winter oilgrain rape cv. Talayeh. Agron. Sci. J. 1:1-8.
Farrokhi, G. R. and A. D. Aradatmand. 2008. Effect of Pyrodoxin and nitrogen on yield and yield components of corn. J. Agron. Plant Breed. 4(1): 5-16. (Abstract in English)
Fitter, A. H. 1988. Water relations of red clover as effected by VA mycorrhizal colonization of phosphorus supply before and during drought. J. Exp. Bot. 39: 595-603.
Fulchirri, M. and I. Frioni. 1994. Azospirillum inoculation on maize: effect on yield in a field experiment in central argentine. J. Soil Biol. Bio-Chem. 26: 921-923.
Gaind, S. and A. C. Gaur. 1989. Effects of pH on phosphate solubilization by microbes. J. Current Sci. 58: 1208-1211.
Gardner, F., R. Pearce. and R. L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State Univ. Press. Ames.
Gholami, A., S. Shahsavani. and S. Nezarat, 2009. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of Maize. J. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Tech. 49: 19-24.
Hamidi, A., A. Asqarzadeh, R. Chokan, M. Dehghan Shoar, A. Ghalavand. and M. Jafarmalakoti. 2007. Study of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bio-fertilizers application in maize cultivation by adequate input. J. Environ. Sci. 4: 1-20. (Abstract in English)
Hasanuzzaman, M., K. U. Ahamed, K. Nahar. and N. Akhter. 2010. Plant growth pattern, tiller dynamics and dry matter accumulation of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by application of different manures. Nature and Sci. J. 8(4): 1-10. In: Rosegrant, M. W. and J. A. Roumasset. Economic feasibility of green manure in rice-based cropping systems. Green Manure in Rice Farming: Proc. Sym. Sustainable Agriculture. The Role Green Manures Crops in Rice Farming Systems. IRRI. Manila. Philippines. May 25-29. 1987-1988. pp. 11-27.
Hegde, D. M., B. S. Dwived. and S. .N. Sudhakara. 1999. Bio-fertilizers for cereal production in India. a review. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 69: 73-83.
Hernandes, A. N., A. Hernandes. and M. Heydrich. 1995. Selection of rhizobacteria for use in maize cultivation. Cultivos Tropicales. 6: 5-8.
Hokm Alipour, S., R. Seyed Sharifi. and M. Ghadimzadeh. 2007. Study of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer levels on grain yield and dry matter remobilization in corn. Iranian J. Soil Res. 1 (21): 21-15.
Hokm Alipour, S. and M. Hamele Darbandi. 2011. Physiological growth indices in corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars as affected by nitrogen fertilizer levels. World Appl. Sci. J. 15(12): 1800-1805. IDOSI Publ.
Hokmalipour, S., R. Seyedsharifi, S. H. Jamaati-e- Somarin, M. Hassanzadeh, M. Shiri-e-Janagard. and R. Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad. 2010. Evaluation of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and growth of Maize. World Appl. Sci. J. 8(9): 1157-1162.
Hossain, M. and V. P. Singh. 2000. Fertilizer use in Asian agriculture: implications for sustaining food security and the environment. Nutr. Cycl. Agro-Eco-Sys. J. 57: 155-169.
Jafari Haghighi, B. and Z. Yarmahmodi. 2011. Evaluation effects of bio- fertilizer on physiological characteristic on yield and its components of corn under drought stress. Intl. Conf. Food Eng. Bio-Tech. IACSIT Press. Singapore.
Kader, M. A., M. H. Mian. and M. S. Hoque. 2002. Effects of Azotobacter inoculant on yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat. J. Biol. Sci. 2(4): 259- 261.
Karimi, M. M. and K. H. M. Siddique. 1991. Crop growth rates of old and modern wheat cultivars. Australian J. Agri. Res. 42: 13-20.
Karimi, E. 2007. Forage crops and breeding and cultivation. Tehran Univ. Press. 428 p.
Kemal, Y. O. and M. Abera. 2015. Contribution of integrated nutrient management practice for sustainable crop productivity, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status in Maize based cropping systems. J. Nutr. 2(1): 1-10.
Kizilkaya, R. 2008. Yield response and nitrogen concentration of spring wheat inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. J. Ecol. Eng. 33: 150-156.
Ladha, K. J., H. Pathak, T. J. Krupnik, J. Six. and C. Van Kessel. 2005. Efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in cereal production: Retrospect and prospects. J. Adv. Agron. 87: 85-156.
Lin, W., Y. Okon. and R. W. F. Hardy. 1983. Enhanced mineral uptake by Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor roots inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Appl. Environ. Micro-Biol. 45: 1775-1779.
Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press. UK.
Mirshekari, B., S. Baser. and A. Javanshir. 2009. Effect of grain inoculation with nitrogen and different levels of urea on physiological traits and biologic yield of maize, cv. 704 grown in cold and semi-arid regions. J. New Finding Agri. 3(4): 403-411. (Abstract in English)
Mohammed, A. S., M. A. Abdel Monem, H. E. Khalifa, M. Beider, I. A. ElGhandour. and Y. G. M. Galal. 2001. Using bio-fertilizers for maize production: response and economic return under different irrigation treatments. J. Sust. Agri. 19: 41-48.
Munir, A., S. Kaleem, A. Qayyum, M. Ahmad. and M. N. Abbas. 2012. Assimilate utilization wheat crop as influenced by varying nitrogen levels in rainfall area. Life Sci. Intl. J. 6(4): 2659-2662.
Murdock, L., Jones, S. Bowley, C., Needham, P. James, J. and Howe. P. 1997. Using a chlorophyll meter to make nitrogen recommendations on wheat. Coop. Extension Service. Univ. Kentucky. College Agri. USA.
Nouraki, F., M. AlaviFazel, A. Naderi, E. Panahpoor. and Sh. Lak. 2016. Effects of integrated management of bio and chemical fertilizers on yield of maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). J. Exp. Biol. Agri. Sci. 4(4): 421-426.
Pablo, A., H. Barbieri, E. Echeverria, H. R. Sainz Rozas, H. Fernando. and H. Andrade. 2008. Nitrogen use efficiency in Maize as affected by nitrogen availability and row spacing. Agron J. 100: 1094-1100.
Pandey, A., Sharma, E. and Palni, L.M.S. 1998. Influence of bacterial inoculation on maize in upland farming systems of the Sikkim Himalaya. J. Soil Biol. Bio-Chem. 30: 379-384.
Panwar, A. S., N. P. Singh, D. C. Saxena. and U. K. Hazarika. 2006. Yield and quality of groundnut seed as influence by phosphorus, bio-fertilizer and organic manures. Indian J. Hill Farm. 15: 68-71.
Pieters, A. J. 2005. Green manuring: Principles and Practice. Agro-bios. Jodhpur. 356 pp.
Poorter, H. and E. Garnier. 1996. Plant growth analysis: an evaluation of experimental design and computational methods. J. Exp. Bot. 47: 1343-1351.
Rai, S. N. and A. C. Caur. 1998. Characterization of Azotobacter Spp. and effect of Azospirilum lipoferum on the yield and N-Uptake of wheat crop. J. Plant and Soil. 109: 131-134.
Rajput, A., S. R. Sujit. and J. Girish. 2017. Physiological parameters; LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR of different varieties of rice grown under different planting geometries and depths in SRI. Intl. J. Pure App. Bio-Sci. 5(1): 362-367.
Rao, A. V. and M. V. R. Pillai. 1982. Associative symbiosis of Azospirillum lipoferum with dicotyledonous succulent plants of the Indian desert. Canadian J. Micro-Biol. 28: 778-782.
Saraswati, R. and A. Sumarno. 2008. Application of soil microorganisms as component of agriculture technology. Iptek. Tan. Pangan 3: 41-43.
Shaban, M. 2013. Biochemical aspects of protein changes in seed physiology and germination. Intl. J. Adv. Biol. Bio-Medical Res. 1(8): 885-898.
Shah, Z., S. H. Shah, M. B. Peoples, G. D. Schwenke. and D. F. Herriedge. 2003. Crop residue and fertilizer N effects on nitrogen fixation and yields of legume nitrogen cereal rotations and soil organic fertility. Field Crops Res. 83: 1-11.
Sharifi, R. S., Y. Raei. and W. Weisany. 2014. Study of physiological growth indices in maize (Zea maize L.) hybrids under different plant densities. Intl. J. Bio-Sci. 5(3): 100-109.
Shevananda, A. 2008. Influence of bio-fertilizers on the availability of nutrients (NPK) in soil in relation to growth and yield of Stevia grown in South India. Intl. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod. 1: 20-24.
Shirkhani, A. and S. Nasrolahzadeh. 2016. Vermi compost and Azotobacter as an ecological pathway to decrease chemical fertilizers in the maize, Zea mays. Bio-Sci. Bio-Tech. Res. Comm. 9(3): 382-390.
Singh, D. K., A. K. Pandey, U. B. Pandey. and S. R. Bhonde. 2002. Effect of farmyard manure combined with foliar application of NPK mixture and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of Onion. Newsletter-Natl. Horti. Res. Develop. Found. 21-22: 1-7.
Singh, R., R. K. Behl, K. P. Singh, P. Jain. and N. Narula. 2004. Performance and gene effects for wheat yield under inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum. Haryana Agri. Univ. Hisar. India. Plant Soil Environ. 50(9): 409-415.
Sprent, J. and P. Sprent. 1990. Nitrogen Fixation Organisms. Chapman and Hall. New York. USA. 323p.
Stancheva, I., I. Dimitrev, N. Kuloyanova, A. Dimitrova. and M. Anyelove. 1992. Effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, photosynthetic enzyme activities and grain yield in maize. Agron. J. 12: 319-324.
Souza, S. R., E. Mariam, L. M. Stark. and M. S. Fernandes. 1998. Nitrogen remobilization during the reproductive period in two Brazilian rice varieties. J. Plant Nutr. 21: 2049-2053.
Szulc, P. 2013. Effects of soil supplementation with urea and magnesium on nitrogen uptake, and utilization by two different forms of maize (Zea mays L.) differing in senescence rates. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 22: 239-248.
Tesar, M. B. 1984. Physiological basis of crop growth and development. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison. Wisconsin. USA. pp: 291-321.
Tilak, K. V. B. R. 1992. Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter chrooccocum inoculum effect of maize and sorghum. J. Soil Bio. Bio-Chem. J. 14: 417-418.
Torbatinejad, N. M., M. R. Chaichi. and S. Sharifi. 2002. Effect of nitrogen level on yield and yield components of three forage sorghum cultivars in Gorgan. J. Agri. Sci. Nat. Res. 9(2): 205-220. (Abstract in English)
Vessy, K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as bio-fertilizer. J. Plant and Soil. 255: 571-586.
Wu, S. C., Z. H. Caob, Z. G. Lib, K. C. Cheunga. and M. H. Wong. 2005. Effects of bio-fertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizes and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma. J. 125: 155-166.
Yu, X., J. Cheng. and M. H. Wong. 2005. Earthworm-mycorrhiza interaction on Cd uptake and growth of ryegrass. Soil Biol. Bio-Chem. 37: 195-201.
Zeid, I. M. 2008. Effect of arginine and urea on polyamines content and growth of bean under salinity stress. Acta Physiol. Plantarum. J. 28: 44-49.
