تهیه نقشه های توزیع مکانی آلاینده‌های فلزات سنگین در خاک‌های حوضه سد البرز در استان مازندران
الموضوعات :علی چراتی آرایی 1 , بهنوش جعفری گرزین 2 , محمد اسماعیل کمالی 3
1 - استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری،
2 - رئیس بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران سازمان تحقیقات، اموزش و ترویج وزارت
3 - مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان
الکلمات المفتاحية: درون‌یابی, آلودگی, کیفیت خاک, کریجینگ,
ملخص المقالة :
Soil pollution and heavy metal accumulation are one of the most important environmental problems to plants, animals and human health. In this research, distribution maps of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were prepared and the pollution status was assessed in the arable land of the Alborz Dam downstream basin.For this purpose, 215 surface composite soil samples were provided in depth of 0-30 cm. Cd, Pb and Ni were extracted by 0.05 M Na2EDTA extractant and the other elements including available Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn extracted by DTPA extractant and measured using AAS. After checking the normality of the data, the best semivariate model was selected based on the lowest fitting error value. Spatial distribution maps were prepared by conventional kriging method in GIS environment. The results showed that the best semi-variable models for the studied data were spherical and exponential models. The average concentration of harmful heavy metals to plants, including Cd, Pb and Ni in the soils of the region is 0.6, 11.5, and 4.9 mg/kg, respectively, which is less than the maximum permissible concentration. The mean concentration of other heavy metals that are required by the plant, including Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe, in the soils of the region is 1.13, 3.9 and 14.8 mg/kg, respectively, which is not only lower than the maximum permissible concentration but in some areas, Zn and Mn deficiency was observed. The correlation between the three elements Cd, Pb and Ni is significant and positive. There is a negative and significant relationship between soil lime and Cd, Pb and Ni. The higher the amount of lime in the soil, the less mobility of these elements which causes the precipitation of heavy metals in the soil.
1. Atteia O, and Dubois JP. 1994. Geostatistical analysis of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura. Env. Pollution. 86: 315-327. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(94)90172-4
2. Brown RE. 1975. Significance of trace-metals and nitrate in sludge Soil. J. Water Pollution Control Federation. 47(12): 2863-2875.
3. Chen T, Liu X, Zhu M, Zhao K, Wu J, and Huang P. 2008. Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urban rural transitional area of Hangzhou, China. Environ. Poll. 151: 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.03.004
4. Cherati A, and Malekoti MJ. 2009. Investigating the chemical forms of zinc residue resulting from the application of zinc sulfate in some soils of Mazandaran. Soil and Water Sciences. 23(2):181-189. doi:10.22092/IJSR.2010.126948 (In Persian)
5. Dadger M, Shaheswar A, and Yusufzadeh A. 2010. Investigation of changes of cadmium in Absard plain of Tehran. International Conference on Plant, Water, Soil and Air Modeling, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, page 9. (In Persian)
6. Dragovic S, Mihailovic N, and Gajic B. 2008. Heavy metals in soils: Distribution, relationship with soil characteristics and radionuclide’s and multivariate assessment of contamination sources. Chemosphere. 72:491–495. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.063
7. Hani A, Pazira E, Manshouri M, Babaie Kafaky S, and Ghahroudi Tali M. 2010. Spatial distribution and mapping of risk elements pollution in agricultural soils of southern Tehran, Iran. Plant, Soil and Environment. 56(6):288-296. doi: 10.17221/16/2010-PSE
8. Jiachun S, Haizhen W, Jianming X, Jianjun W, Xingmei L, and Haiping Z. 2007. Spatial distribution of heavy metal in soil: A case study of changing, China. Environ. Geol. 52:1-10. doi: 10.1007/S00254-006-0443-6
9. Kabata-Pendias A, and Mukherjee AB. 2007. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 550 pages. 23.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32714-1
10. Karami M, Afyuni M, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Paritz A, and Schulin R. 2009. Grain zinc, iron, and copper concentrations of wheat grown in central Iran and their relationships with soil and climate variables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 10876–10882. doi: 10.1021/jf902074f.
11. Karbasi A, Nabi G, Ghadban F, and Kokbi Sh. 2010. Chemical partitioning and pollution intensity of heavy metals in Siahrud river sediment. Journal of Environment. 53:11-20. doi:20.1001.1.10258620.1389.36.53.2.5 (In Persian)
12. Kazemi Z. 1996. Investigating the pollution of Syahrud river. Master thesis, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, 180 pages. (In Persian)
13. Khairabadi, H. 2010. Kheirabadi H, Afyuni M, Ayoubi S, Soffianian A. 2016. Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and major food crops in the province of Hamadan. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 19 (74) :27-38. doi:20.1001.1.24763594.1394.19.74.3.7
14. Khodakarmi L, Sufianian A, Mirghafari N, Afioni M, and Gulshahi A. 2011. Zonation of heavy metal concentrations of chromium, cobalt and nickel in the soils of three sub-watersheds of Hamadan province. Agricultural sciences and techniques and natural resources. Water and Soil Sciences. 58:243-250. doi: 20.1001.1.24763594.1390.15.58.8.2 (In Persian)
15. Kishne AS, Bringmark E, Bringmark L, and Alriksson A. 2006. Comparison of ordinary and lognormal kriging on skewed data of total cadmium in forest soils of Sweden. Evironmental Monitoring and Assessment. 84:243-263. doi: 10.1023/a:1023326314184.
16. Lado LR, Hengl T, and Reuter HI. 2008. Heavy metals in European soils: A geostatistical analysis of the FOREGS geochemical database. Geoderma. 148:189-199. doi:10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2008.09.020
17. Lindsay WL, and Norwell. 1978. W.A. Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Amre. Proc. 42(3):421-428. doi:10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
18. Malekoti, MJ, Khavazi K, and Noorzadeh M. 2009. Investigation and zoning of heavy metal concentration (zinc, iron and copper) in agricultural lands of Hamadan province. Geology and Environmental Engineering Conference. Tarbiat Modares University. Page 1209-1216. (In Persian)
19. Malekoti MJ, Mosheiri F, Ghaibi M, and Molavi P., 2005. The optimum concentration of nutrients in soil and some agricultural and horticultural crops. Technical No. 406, Sana Publications, Tehran. 65 pages (In Persian)
20. Matkan AA, Kazemi A, Gili MR, and Ashurlo D. 2008. Investigating the spatial distribution of cadmium and determining endangered vegetation in the central region of Iran located in Isfahan province using GIS and RS. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2: 65-76. (In Persian)
21. Matheron G. 1969. Le krigeage universel (Universal kriging) Vol. 1. Cahiers du Centre de Morphologie Mathematique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, 83 p.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.08.018.
22. Mohammadi J. 2001. A review of the basics of geostatic and its application in soil science. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences. 1:90-121. (In Persian)
23. Mohammadi J. 2000. Evaluation and mapping of soil salinity hazard in Ramhormoz area (Khuzestan) using disjunctive kriging. Journal of Agricultural Research. 25(6): 45-57. doi: 10.22099/IAR.2000.4310
24. Nicholson FA, Smith SR, Alloway BJ, Carlton-Smith C, and Chambers BJ. 2003. An inventory of heavy metal input to agricultural soil in England and Wales. Science Total Environ. 311:205-219. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00139-6.
25. Nowrozi A, Qutbrazmjo SH, and Charkhabi AH. 2009. Evaluation of the spatial distribution of cadmium in some agricultural and forest soils in the Gilan plain, 11th Iran Soil Science Congress, Gorgan, page 2292. (In Persian)
26. Oliver MA, and Webster R. 2014. A tutorial guide to geostatistics: Computing and modelling variograms and kriging. Journal of Catena. 113: 56-69.
27. Rodriguez Martin JA, Arias ML, and Grau Corbi JM. 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations. Environ. Pollut. 144:101–1012. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.045
28. SAEFL (Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape). 2001. Commentary on the ordinance of 1 July. 1998. Relating to impacts on the soil.
29. Sarmadyan F, and Taghizadeh Mehrjooi R. 2009. Investigating the effectiveness of geostatistical methods for the purpose of zoning some soil characteristics in Akhtarabad region. Pasture and Watershed Journal (Iranian Natural Resources Journal). 62(3): 377-388. (In Persian)
30. Shahbazi A, Soffianian AR, Afraz R, and Khodakarami L. 2011. The spatial distribution of heave metals cadmium, copper and lead in soil and sources of these metals (Case study: Nahavand city). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 2(2): 97-109. (In Persian)
31. Taghipour M. 2009. Spatial changes of some heavy metals in the surface soils of a part of Hamadan province. Master's Thesis in Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. 98 pages. (In Persian).
32. Taghipour M, Ayoubi S, and Khademi H. 2011. Spatial variability of total Ni and Cu concentration in surface soils surrounding the Hamadan city using geostatistic technique. Water and Soil Conservation. 17(2), 69-87 magiran.com/p937991
33. Wu C, and Zhang L. 2009. Heavy metal concentrations and their possible source in paddy soils of a modern agricultural zone, southeastern China, J. Environ. Earth Sci. 60(1):45-56. doi 10.1007/s12665-009-0168-4
34. Zarei L, Hashemi SS, and Najafi M. 2022. Spatial distribution of some heavy metals in two agriculture and rangeland uses (a case study: Shahzand industrial city, Arak). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, in press. (In Persian)
