Theoretical Predictions on Mechanical Properties of Functionally Graded Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites
الموضوعات :
1 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Epoxy, Genetic Algorithm Theory, clay, Functionally graded, nanoparticles,
ملخص المقالة :
In this paper, the theoretical predictions of mechanical properties of functionally graded and uniform distributions Epoxy/clay nanocomposites are presented. The specimens were prepared for uniformly distribution of nanoclay with different nano particles weight percent (pure, 3 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt%) and functionally graded distribution. The distribution of nanoparticles has been investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). For uniformly distribution of nanoclay, it is shown that there is no sign of the agglomerates found via FESEM imaging which can address well the distribution of nanoclay particles in epoxy. In addition, for functionally graded distributions, it is found that dispersion of nanoclays vary smoothly and continuously from one surface to the other one. The mechanical properties have been determined by simple extension tests. The results of extension tests show that elastic modulus begins to increase up to 5 wt% of nanoclay and then decreases. So, for functionally graded distribution, the elastic modulus is generally larger than the corresponding values for uniform distribution of nanoclay. The theoretical predictions of Young’s modulus for functionally graded and uniform distributions nanocomposites are calculated using a genetic algorithm procedure. The formulation for Young modulus includes the effect of nanoparticles weight fractions and it is modified for functionally graded distribution. To investigate the accuracy of the present theoretical predictions, a comparison is carried out with the experimental results. It is found that the results obtained from the theoretical predictions of genetic algorithm procedure are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
[1] Kojima, Y., Usuki, A., Kawasumi, M., Okada, A., Kurauchi, T., and Kamagatio, O., Synthesis of Nylon 6-Clay Hybrid by Montmorillonite Intercalated with Caprolactam, Journal of Polymer Science Part A, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1993, pp. 983-986, 10.1002/pola.1993.080310418.
[2] Miyagawa, H., Drzal, L. T., Thermo-Physical and Impact Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Reinforced by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Polymer, Vol. 45, No.15, 2004, pp. 5163–5170, 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.05.036.
[3] Mahajan, D., Desai, A., Rafailovich, M., Cui, M. H., and Yang, N. L., Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosized Metal Embedded in Polystyrene Matrix, Composites Part B, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2006, pp. 74–80, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.12.005.
[4] Gojny, F. H., Wichmann, M. H. G, Kopke, U., Fiedler, B., and Schulte, K., Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Epoxy-Composites: Enhanced Stiffness and Fracture Toughness at Low Nanotube Content, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 64, No. 15, 2004, pp. 2363–2371, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.04.002.
[5] Lau, K. T., Lu, M., Li, H. L., Zhou, L. M., and Hui, D., Heat Absorbability of Single-Walled, Coiled and Bamboo Nanotube/Epoxy Nanocomposites, Journal of Material Science, Vol. 39, No. 18, 2004, pp. 5861–5863, 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000040103.42161.ed.
[6] Park, J. H., Jana, S. C., The Relationship Between Nano- and Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in PMMA–Epoxy–Nanoclay Composites, Polymer, Vol. 44, No. 7, 2003, pp. 2091–2100, 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00075-2.
[7]Ray, S. S., Okamoto, M., Polymer/Layered Silicate Nano -composites: A Review from Preparation to Processing, Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 28, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1539–1641, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.08.002.
[8] Zhou, Y., Pervin, F., Biswas, M. A., Rangari, V. K., and Jeelani, S., Fabrication and Characterization of Montmorillonite Clay-filled SC-15 Epoxy, Materials Letters, Vol. 60, No. 7, 2006, pp. 869–873, 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.10.042.
[9] Lau, K. T., Lu, M., and Hui, D., Coiled Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Their Potential Application in Advanced Composite Structures, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2006, pp. 437–448, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.008.
[10] Mortazavi, B., Bardon, J., Bomfim J. S. B., and Ahzi, S., A Statistical Approach for The Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposite: Verification by Experiments, Computational Materials Science, Vol. 59, 2012, pp. 108–113, 10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.03.002.
[11] Wang, Z., Liu, F., Liang, W., and Zhou, L., Nanoscale Analysis of Tensile Properties and Fracture of Nanoreinforced Epoxy Polymer Using Micromechanics, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 32, No. 16, 2013, pp. 1224–1233, 10.1177/0731684413486848.
[12] Wang, J., Liang, G., and Zhu, B., Modification of Cyanate Resin by Nanometer Silica, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2007, pp. 419–429, 10.1177/0731684406072536.
[13] Meybodi, M. H., Saber Samandari, S., and Sadighi, M., A New Approach for Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Polymer/Nanoclay Composites by Considering Interfacial Debonding: Experimental and Numerical Investigations, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 117, 2015, pp. 379-385, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.07.014.
[14] Meybodi, M. H., Saber Samandari, S., Sadighi, M., and Bagheri, M. R., Low-Velocity Impact Response of a Nanocomposite Beam Using an Analytical Model, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2015, pp. 333-354, 10.1590/1679-78251346.
[15] Ayatollahi, M. R., Barbaz Isfahani, R., and Moghimi Monfared, R., Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Nanosilica on Tensile Properties of Woven Carbon Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Fabricated Using VARIM, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 51, No. 30, 2017, pp. 4177-4188, 10.1177/0021998317699982.
[16] Goodarz, M., Bahrami, H., Sadighi, M., and Saber-Samandari, S., Quasi-Static Indentation Response of Aramid Fiber/Epoxy Composites Containing Nylon 66 Electrospun Nano-Interlayers, Journal of Industrial Textiles, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2018, pp. 960-977, 10.1177/1528083716679158.
[17] Monfared, R. M., Ayatollahi, M. R., and Isfahani, R. B., Synergistic Effects of Hybrid Mwcnt/Nanosilica on the Tensile and Tribological Properties of Woven Carbon Fabric Epoxy Composites, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 96, 2018, pp. 272-284, 10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.05.007.
[18] Maghsoudlou, M. A., Isfahani, R. B., Saber Samandari, S., and Sadighi, M., Effect of interphase, Curvature and Agglomeration of Swcnts on Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Experimental and Numerical Investigations, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 175, 2019, pp. 107-119, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107119.
[19] Holland, J. H., Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United State of America, 1975, pp. 28-114.
[20] Yaghoobi, H., Fereidoon, A., Influence of Neutral Surface Position on Deflection of functionally Graded Beam under Uniformly Distributed Load, World Applied Sceince Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2010, pp. 337-341, 10.3923/jas.2010.337.342.
