رسالت قضایی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در مقابل عملکرد سیاسی شورای امنیت در اختلافات بین‌المللی
الموضوعات : سیاست پژوهی ایرانی (سپهر سیاست سابق)
مرتضی قهرمانی
1
(
دانشجوی دکتری، گروه حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران
)
سید یاسر ضیایی
2
(
دانشیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: شورای امنیت, دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری, رسالت قضایی, عملکرد سیاسی, حقوق بین‌الملل, اختلافات حقوقی, سیاست قضایی, اختلافات بین‌المللی,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی رسالت قضایی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در مقابل عملکرد سیاسی شورای امنیت در اختلافات بین‌المللی است. روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و نتایج نشان داد که: دیوان هرگز نباید صرفاً به این دلیل که اختلافات در زمینه‌های سیاسی رخ داده و یا جنبه‌های سیاسی دیگری دارد، از رسیدگی و اعمال صلاحیت خود امتناع کند. همچنین دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری نباید از رسیدگی به اختلافات مهم سیاسی خودداری کند، حتی اگر هیچ قاعده قابل اثباتی در قوانین بین‌المللی وجود نداشته باشد.
[1980] ICJ Rep 3, 20 (Judgment of the Court).
[1996] 1 ICJ Rep 226, [16] (‘Nuclear Weapons Opinion’).
Advisory Opinion for the Threat or Use of nuclear weapons (1996). ICJ Rep.
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v Turkey) (Jurisdiction) [1978] ICJ Rep 3, 13.
Balch, T.W. (1914). Legal and Political Questions between Nations. Philadelphia.
Blauberger, M. & Sindbjerg Martinsen, D. (2020). The Court of Justice in times of politicisation: ‘law as a mask and shield’ revisited. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(3), p.382-399.
Coleman, A. (2003). The international court of justice and highlypolitical matters. Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 4, p. 39.
Corfu Chanel case (Albania v. United Kingdom) (1948) ICJ Rep 1948/1.
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v Mali) [1986] ICJ Rep.
General and Complete Disarmament. GA Res 49/75, UN GAOR, 49th sess, 90th plen mtg, [K], UN Doc A/RES/49/75 (‘the Request’).
Gross, L. (1971). The International Court of Justice: Consideration of Requirements for Enhancing its Role in the International Legal Order. American Journal of International Law, 65(2), p. 258–9.
Hager, R.P. & Snyder, R.S. (2015). The United States and Nicaragua: Understanding the Breakdown in Relations. Journal of Cold War Studies, 17(2), p.3–35.
Handbook on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States. United Nations, 1992.
Hostages Case (Judgment) [1980] ICJ Rep 3, 49.
Introduction to the Annual Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization. 16 June 1956 – 15 June 1957, UN GAOR, 12th sess, Supp No 1A, 5, UN Doc A/3594/Add.1 (1957).
Janis, M. (1987). Somber Reflections on the Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court. American Journal of International Law, 81(1), p.145.
Jennings, R. (1997). The Proper Work and Purposes of the International Court of Justice. In: A S Muller, D Raič & J M Thuránszky (eds), The International Court of Justice: Its Future Role after Fifty Years.
Jennings, S.R. (1997). Presentation by Sir Robert Jennings. In: Connie Peck & Roy Lee (eds), Increasing the Effectiveness of the International Court of Justice: Proceedings of the ICJ/UNITAR Colloquium to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Court. The judgments of the Court are binding in law, but do they, in fact, resolve the matter?
Kelson, H. & Tucker, R. (1966). Principles of International Law. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Kohen, M. (2012). The Principle of Non- intervention 25 Years after the Nicaragua Judgment. Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 25.
Krishnamurthy, A. (2014). The Lockerbie incident Case: the judicial review by ICJ. Retrieved May 15, 2014, from: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/lock.htm
Lauterpacht, H. (1933). The Function of Law in the International Law, 389. Cited in Nicaragua (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14, 169 (Separate Opinion of Judge Lachs).
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004, 2004 ICJ Rep. 136.
Lockerbie Case (Provisional Measures) [1992] ICJ Rep 3.
Mavrommatis Concession in Palestine. C.P.J.I. Series A, No. 2, p. 11.
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1986 ICJ Rep. 392: 436.
Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v UK) (Judgment) [1963] ICJ Rep 15, 34.
Nuclear Weapons Opinion [1996] 1 ICJ Rep.
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v United Kingdom, Marshall Islands v India, Marshall Islands v Pakistan) (Preliminary Objections) ICJ Judgment. 5 October 2016, nyr (hereafter Marshall Islands v United Kingdom).
Ogbodo, S.G. (2012). An Overview of the Challenges Facing the International Court of Justice in the 21st Century. Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 18(1), p.99-104.
Posner, E.A. & de Figueiredo, M.F.P. (2005). Is the International Court of Justice Biased? The Journal of Legal Studies, 34(2), p. 599-630.
Posner, E.A. & Yoo, J.C. (2005). Judicial Independence in International Tribunals. California Law Review, Vol.93.
S/RES/748 (1992).
Security Council Resolution 276 (1970). ICJ Rep (1971) 71/10, AO 19.
Shahabuddeen, M. (1997). The World Court at the Turn of the Century. in The International Court of Justice: Its Future Role after Fifty Years. Special Issue of the Leiden Journal of International Law, ed. A.S. Muller, D. Raic & J.M. Thuranszky?
Shigeta, Y. (2010). International Judicial Control of Environmental Protection: Standard Setting, Compliance Control and the Development of International Environmental Law by the International Judiciary, Kluwer Law International. Boston: Wolters Kluwer, p.10.
Simpson, G. (1994). Judging the EastTimor Dispute: Self-Determination at the International Court of Justice. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, No. 323, p. 330.
Statute of the ICJ. Also The UN Charter art 93(1).
Steinberger, H. (1974). The International Court of Justice. In: Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Judicial Settlement of Disputes: International Court of Justice, Other Courts and Tribunals, Arbitration and Conciliation — An International Symposium, p. 193, 207.
Sumina, S. & Gilmore, S. (2018). The Failure of International Law in Palestine. 20 the scholar the Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice, Volume Number 20 Issue Number, 2 Publisher St. Mary's University School of Law.
Talmon, S. (2005). The Security Council as World Legislature. American Journal of International Law, 99(1), p.175–193.
Territorial Dispute (Libya v Chad) (Judgment) [1994] ICJ Rep 6.
Yang Gao, E. (2017). The International Court of Justice and POLITICAL Questions: Defending the Rule of Law or a Continuation of Politics by Others Means? A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Haverford College.
_||_