تعیین اکوریژن های سواحل جنوبی ایران با استفاده از سامانه GIS به عنوان مبنای تعیین مناطق تحت حفاظت ساحلی-دریایی
الموضوعات :
بهاره صمدی کوچکسرائی
1
(دانش‌آموختة دکتری بوم‌شناسی دریا، گروه علوم دریایی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.)
سید محمدرضا فاطمی
2
(استادیار، گروه علوم دریایی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران* (مسئول مکاتبات).)
افشین دانه کار
3
(استاد، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.)
سید علی جوزی
4
(استاد، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران.)
احسان رمضانی فرد
5
(استادیار، گروه علوم دریایی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.)
الکلمات المفتاحية: مناطق حفاظت‌شده ساحلی-دریایی, اکوریژن, سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS), مناطق همگن, جغرافیای زیستی,
ملخص المقالة :
در سالهای اخیر جهت توسعه شبکه مناطق تحت حفاظت ساحلی-دریایی، توجه به مناطق همگن معرف رو به افزایش است. که یکی از آنها، اکوریژن میباشد. اکوریژنها محدوده هایی از سرزمین هستند که دارای شرایط محیطی یکنواخت می باشند. هدف از این تحقیق، تعیین اکوریژنهای سواحل جنوبی ایران به عنوان مبنا و پیش نیاز توسعه مناطق تحت حفاظت ساحلی-دریایی با توجه به رویکردهای نوین جهانی بوده است. لذا، شناسایی اکوریژنهای سواحل جنوبی ایران در خلیج فارس، تنگه هرمز و دریای عمان با در نظر گرفتن معیارهای معتبر و مشترک جهانی انجام گرفت. معیارهای مورد استفاده در این بررسی، بر اساس نتایج حاصل از بررسی سوابق تحقیق در این زمینه در سطح جهانی در حوزه جغرافیای زیستی به انجام رسید و سه معیار درجه حرارت سطحی آب، عمق و جریان‌های دریایی به عنوان مهمترین مؤلفه ها در این ارتباط در نظر گرفته شد. نقشه های معیارهای تعیین شده با استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی با یکدیگر همپوشانی داده شد و پس از انطباق پهنه های شناسایی شده با محدوده های تقسیمات کشوری، مرز و محدوه نهایی اکوریژنهای سواحل جنوبی کشور تفکیک شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بر این مبنا، در سواحل جنوبی ایران 5 اکوریژن در نواحی کرانه ای چهار استان ساحلی جنوب قابل شناسایی و تحدید حدود است. این تقسیم بندی که برای نخستین بار در ایران به انجام رسیده است، میتواند مبنا و گامی برای گزینش مناطق تحت حفاظت ساحلی- دریایی و یا بررسیهای بوم شناختی در نظر شود.
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_||_
1. UNEP-WCMC, 2008. National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas: A Review of Progress, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, 156p.
2. Kay, R., Alder. J., 1999. Coastal Planning and Management, Published by E&FN Spon (Routledge). Londres, 375 p.
3. Kelleher, G. K., Kenchington, R. K., 1992. Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and GBRMPA, Canberra, Australia. 36 p.
4. Blundell, T., 2004. Turning the Tide: Addressing the impact of fisheries on the marine environment, Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Report 25, London, 497 p.
5. CEAC, 1991. A protected areas vision for Canada. Canadian Environmental Advisory Council. Ottawa. 88 p, Sea information in: https://www.ec.gc.ca/ap-pa/8EF4F871-F880-4A6E-BD75-6585F21913FD
6. ANZECC TFMPA (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Task Force on Marine Protected Areas), 1998. Guidelines for Establishing the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Task Force on Marine Protected Areas. Environment Australia, Canberra. 19 p.
7. Day, J. C., Roff, J. C., 2000. Planning for Representative Marine Protected Areas: A Framework for Canada’s Oceans, Report prepared for World Wildlife Fund Canada, Toronto, 134 p,
8. CBD, 2009. Azores Scientific Criteria and Guidance for identifying ecologically or biologically significant marine areas and designing representative networks of marine protected areas in open ocean waters and deep sea habitats, United Nations Environment Program, IUCN, CBD. Sea information in: http://www.cbd.int/marine/doc/azores-brochure-en.pdf
9. Van der Weide, J., 1993. A Systems View of Integrated Coastal Management, Ocean Coast Manage. Vol. 21, pp. 129–148.
10. UNESCO, 1997. Definition of the Coherent Management Units: Stage 2. In Methodological Guide to Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Manuals & Guides 36, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Comisio´ n, France, pp. 16–19.
11. Baja S., Chapman, D. M., Dragovich, D., 2002. A Conceptual Model for Defining and Assessing Land Management Units Using a Fuzzy Modeling Approach in GIS Environment, Envir, Vol. 29, pp. 647–661.
12. OSPAR, 2006. Guidance on Developing an Ecologically Coherent Network of OSPAR Marine Protected Areas, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, OSPAR Commission, Reference Number. 2006-3, 11 p.
13. Harff J., Davis, J. C., 1990. Regionalization in Geology by Multivariate Classification, Math Geol, Vol. 22, pp. 573–588.
14. Maxwell, B. A., Buddemeier., R. W., 2002. Coastal Typology Development with Heterogeneous Data Sets, Regional Envir Change, Vol. 3, pp. 77–87.
15. Finkl, C. W., 2004. Coastal Classification: Systematic Approaches to Consider in the Development of a Comprehensive Scheme, J Coast Res, Vol. 20, pp. 166–213.
16. Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E. G., Allen, R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., Manus, E. M., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A., Robertson. J., 2007. Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas, BioScience, Vol. 57, pp. 573-583.
17. Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. M., Graham, D. J., Webster, A. L., Pimm, S. A., Bookbinder, M. A., Ledec, G., 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of latin America and the Caribbean, The world bank, Washington, D. C, 174 p.
18. Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., 1998. The Global 200: a representation approach to conserving the earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology, Vol, 12, pp. 502-515.
19. Wikramanayake, E. D., Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C., Olson, D., Morrison, J., Lamoreux, J., Mcknight M., Hedao, P., 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the indo-pacific: a conservation assessment, Island press, Washington, D. C., 824 p.
20. EEA, 2008. Biogeographical Region, Europe 2008. Sea information in: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/biogeographical-regions-europe-2008
21. Rebelo, L. M., Finlayson, M., Stroud, D. A., 2009. Ramsar site under-representation and the use of biogeographical regionalization schemes to guide the further development of the Ramsar List, Ramsar Technical Report No. [X]. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland, 120 p.
22. Powles, H., Vendette, V., Siron, R., O’Boyle, B. 2004. Proceedings of the Canadian Marine Ecoregions Workshop, Ottawa (Canada): Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
23. Banks, D., Williams, M., Pearce, J., Springer, A., Hagenstein, R., Olson, D., 2000. Ecoregion-based Conservation in the Bering Sea: Identifying Important Areas for Biodiversity Conservation. Washington (DC), World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy of Alaska, 72p.
24. Green, A. L., Mous, P. J., 2008. Delineating the Coral Triangle, its Ecoregions and Functional Seascapes, Version 5.0. TNC Coral Triangle Program Report 1/08, 44 pp.
25. Kramer, P. A., Kramer P. R., 2002. Ecoregional Conservation Planning for the Mesoamerican Caribbean Reef. Washington (DC), World Wildlife Fund, 147 p.
26. Beck, M. W., Odaya, M., Bachant, J. J., Bergan, J., Keller, B., Martin, R., Mathews, R., Porter, C., Ramseur, G., 2000. Identification of Priority Sites for Conservation in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: An Ecoregional Plan, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, 49p.
27. Brock, R., 2015. Representativeness of Marine Protected Areas of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Protected Areas Center, Silver Spring, MD, 31 p.
28. Harper, J. R., Christian, J., Cross, W. E., Frith., R., Searing, G., Thomson, D., 1993. A Classification of the Marine Regions of Canada-Final Report, Coastal and Ocean Resources Inc, 77pp.
29. Walter, H., 1985. Vegetation of the earth and ecological systems of the geo-biosphere, 3rd revised and enlarged ed. [trans. from German by Owen Muise]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 318 p.
30. Ecoregions Working Group, 1989. Ecoclimatic regions of Canada, first approximation. Ecological Land Classification Series No. 23, Environment Canada, Ottawa, with separate map at 1:7,500,000. 132 p.
31. Schultz, J., 1995. The ecozones of the world: The ecological divisions of the geosphere (trans. from German by I. and D. Jordan), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Sea information in: http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540200147.
32. Bailey, R. G., 1996. Ecosystem geography, Springer-Verlag, New York.
33. Bailey, R. G., 2005. Identifying Ecoregion Boundaries, Environmental Management, Vol. 34, pp. S14-S26.
34. Troll, C., 1966. Seasonal climates of the earth, The seasonal course of natural phenomena in the different climatic zones of the earth. Pages 19–28 in E. Rodenwaldt, H. J. Jusatz. (eds.). World maps of climatology, 3rd ed. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, with separate map at 1:45,000,000 by C. Troll and K.H. Paffen, pp. 19-28.
35. Isachenko, A. G., 1973. Principles of landscape science and physical-geographical regionalization (trans. from Russian by R. J. Zatorski, edited by J.S. Massey), Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, Australia, 311p.
36. WWF, 2017. Ecoregions. Sea information in: http://www.worldwildlife.org
37. ICZM, 2009. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Iran, Ports and Maritime Organization. 245 pages. (In Persian).
38. IUCN/WCPA, 1999. Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. Edited & Coordinated by Graeme Kelleher, Sea information in: http://www.birdlist.org/downloads/iucn/pag-003-guidelines-marine-pas.pdf
39. Gjerde, K. M., 2001. Protecting Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas from Shipping: A Review of IMO’s New PSSA Guidelines, Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference, Clevelan, OH.
40. Breen, D. A. Avery, R. P., Otway, N. M., 2005. Broadscale Biodiversity Assessment of Marine Protected Areas in the Hawkesbury Shelf Marine Bioregion, Final Report for The NSW Marine Parks Authority, 160 p.
41. IMO/MEPC, 2006. Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly and Sensitive Sea Areas, International Maritime Organization, Sea information in: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf
42. Breen, S. A., 2007. Systematic Conservation Assessment for Marine Protected Areas in New South Wales. Australia, Ph.D Thesis, James Cook University, 97 p.
43. Wilkinson, T., Wilken, E., Bezaury-Creel, J., Hourigan, T., Agardy, T., Herrmann, H., Janishevski, L., Madden, C., Morgan L., Padilla, M., 2009. Marine Ecoregions of North America, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada. 200pp.
44. Beaver, D., and Llewellyn, G., 2009. Designing a Comprehensive Adequate and Representative (CAR) Network of Marine Protected Areas for Australia’s Commonwealth Waters, Progress Report, Published by WWF-Australia, 95 p.
45. Brenner, J., Jimenez J., Sadrá, R., 2006. Definition of Homogeneous Environmental Management Units for the Catalan Coast, Environ Manage, Vol. 38, pp. 993-1005.
46. Padash, A., Jozi, S. A., Nabavi, S. M. B., Dehzad. B., 2016. Stepwise Strategic Environmental Management in Marine Protected Area, Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., Vol. 2, pp. 49-60.
47. Dinerstein, E, Olson, D., Joshi, A., Vynne, C., Burgess, N. D., 2017. An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half of terrestrial realm, Bioscience, Vol, 67, pp. 534-545.
48. Giakoumi, S., Sini, M., Gerovasileiou, V., 2013. Ecoregion-based conservation planning in the Mediterranean: dealing with large-scale heterogeneity. PLoS One, Vol. 8, see information in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796553/
49. Blasi, C., Capotorti, G., Smiraglia, D, Guida, D., Zavattero, L., Mollo, B., Frondoni, R., Copiz, R., 2010. The ecoregions of Italy. Ministry of environment, land and sea protection, Nature protection directorate, Rome, Italy, 20 pp.
50. NOAA, 2013. Global sea surface temperature, see information in: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/GIS_DATA
51. Zhao, J., Temimi, M., Ghedira, H., Hu, C., 2014. Exploring the potential of optical remote sensing for oil spill detection in shallow coastal waters-a case study in the Arabian Gulf. OSA Publishing.
52. Agardy, T., 2005. Melding Large Scale Marine Policy with small Scale Conservation Projects through MPA Networks, Abstract 14. International Marine Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC), Geelong, Australia.
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