تشخیص و تعیین فراوانی لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز در نمونه های مواد غذایی با بررسی مولکولی ژن hlyA
الموضوعات :
سوسن اشرفی
1
(
کارشناس ارشد میکروبیولوژی، گروه زیست شناسی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران
)
نسرین بهمنی
2
(
استادیار مرکز تحقیقات زئونوز، پژوهشکده توسعه بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران
)
فاطمه کشاورزی
3
(
دانشیار گروه زیست شناسی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران
)
تاريخ الإرسال : 19 الإثنين , رمضان, 1444
تاريخ التأكيد : 20 السبت , ذو الحجة, 1444
تاريخ الإصدار : 08 السبت , ربيع الأول, 1445
الکلمات المفتاحية:
مواد غذایی,
ژنA hly,
لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز,
ملخص المقالة :
مقدمه: لیستریولیزینo (LLO)) Listeriolysin O ( یک همولیزین فعال شده با سولفیدریل متصل به کلسترول است که توسط ژن hlyA لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز کدگذاری می شود. هدف از این مطالعه تشخیص و تعیین فراوانی لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز در نمونه های مواد غذایی با بررسی مولکولی ژن hlyA است. مواد و روش ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه مقطعی- توصیفی است. نمونه گیری از اواسط مهر ماه 1398تا پایان دی ماه همان سال به طول انجامید. در مجموع 165 نمونه انواع مختلف گوشت ، سبزیجات ، همبرگر و میگو مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جمع آوری نمونه ها به صورت تصادفی از رستوران ها، اغذیه فروشی ها، مکان های تهیه غذای آماده و سوپر مارکت های مختلف انجام شد. کلیه نمونه های جمع آوری شده، با آزمایشات فنوتیپیکی و بیوشیمیایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نمونه های مشکوک به لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز پس از استخراج DNA با روش جوشاندن با پرایمرهای احتصاصی برای ژن hlyA ارزیابی شد. یافته ها : بررسی های فنوتیپیک (کشت میکروبی و بررسی بیوشیمیایی) 18 نمونه آلوده به لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز را تایید کرد، از این تعداد بطریق PCR ژن hlyA 10(06/6% ) نمونه لیستریامونوسیتوز مثبت بود. شیوع آلودگی در کباب کوبیده 37/9 %، انواع گوشت مرغ 44/4 %، همبرگر محلی 66/16 % و کاهو 33/13 % بود. این یافته ها در مقایسه با دیگر مطالعات در برخی مواد غذایی(همبرگر محلی) شیوع بیشتری داشت و در بعضی مواد غذایی(گوشت مرغ) کمتر بود.نتیجه گیری: استفاده از روش بیوشیمیایی در تعیین فراوانی لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز در نمونه های مواد غذایی در شهرستان سنندج از درصد بالای مثبت کاذب برخوردار بود.
المصادر:
Almeida, P.F. & Almeida, R.C.C. (2000). A PCR protocol using inl gene as a target for specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control, 11(2), 97-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(99)00067-5
(2016). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, and food-borne outbreaks in 2015. EFSA Journal, 14. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4634
Akhondzadeh Basati, A., Misaghi, A., Salehi Zahraei, T. & Kamkar, A. (2006). Bacterial pathogens in fresh smoked and salted Irainian fish. Food Control, 17(3), 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.10.001
Baharvand, R. (2015). A gene in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 19 (1), 24-31. [In Persian]
Bierne, H., Sabet, C., Personnic, N. & Cossart, P. (2007). Internalins: a complex family of leucine-richrepeat-containing proteins in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbes and Infection, 9, 1156-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.003
Borović, B.B., Baltić, T., Lakićević, B., Janković, V., Mitrović, R. Jovanović, J. & Lilić S. (2014). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready–to–eat food of animal origin. Meat Technology, 55, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.5937/tehmesa1402117b
Carpentier, B. & Cerf, O. (2011). Review — Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food industry equipment and premises. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.005
Chaitiemwong, N., Hazeleger, W.C., Beumer, R.R. & Zwietering, M.H. (2014). Quantification of transfer of Listeria monocytogenes between cooked ham and slicing machine surface. Food Control, 44, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.056
Choi, W.S. & Hong, C. (2003). Rapid enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in milk using competitive PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 84, 79– 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00401-4
Di Pinto, A., Novello, L., Montemurro, F., Bonerba, E. & Tantillo G. (2010). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat foods from supermarkets in southern Italy. New Microbiology, 33, 249–252.
Esho, F. K., Enkhtuya, B., Kusumoto, A. & Kawamoto, K. (2013). Microbial Assessment and Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Natural Cheeses in Japan. BioMed Research International, 20580, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/205801
Freitag, N.E., Rong, L. & Portnoy, D.A. (1993). Regulation of the prfA transcriptional activator of Listeria monocytogenes: multiple promoter elements contribute to intracellular growth and cell-to-cell spread. Infect Immune, 61 (6), 2537.
https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.61.6.2537-2544.1993
Gamboa-Marín A., Buitrago S.M., Pérez-Pérez K., Mercado M.R., Poutou-Piñales R. & Carrascal-Camacho A. (2012). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in pork-meat and other processed products from the Colombian swine industry. Rev MVZ Cordoba, 17, 2827–2833. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.250
Greco, S., Tolli, R., Bossù, T., Flores Rodas, E. M., Di Giamberardino, F., Di Sirio, A., Vita, S., De 633 Angelis, V., Bilei, S., Sonnessa, M., Gattuso, A. & Lanni, L. (2014). Case of contamination 634 by Listeria monocytogenes in mozzarella cheese. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 3(1), 51-53.22. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2014.1708
Gómez, D., Pilar Iguácel, L., Rota, C., Carramiñana, J.J., Ariño, A. & Yangüela, J. (2015). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products and meat processing plants in Spain. Foods, 4, 271–282. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030271
Gudbjörnsdóttir, B., Suihko, M. L., Gustavsson, P., Thorkelsson, G., Salo, S., Sjöberg, A. M., Niclasen, O. & Bredholt, S. (2004). The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat, poultry and seafood plants in the Nordic countries. Food Microbial, 21, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0740-0020(03)00012-1
Hamidiyan, N., Salehi-Abargouei, A., Rezaei, Z., Dehghani-Tafti, R. & Akrami-Mohajeri, F. (2018). The prevalence of Listeria spp. Food contamination in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Research International, 107, 437-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.038
Hellström, S., Laukkanen, R., Siekkinen, K.M., Jukka, R., Maijala, R. & Korkeala, H. (2010). Listeria monocytogenes contamination in pork can originate from farms. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 641–648. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.641
Hoelzer, K., Pouillot, R., Gallagher, D., Silverman, M.B., Kause, J. & Dennis, S. (2012). Estimation of Listeria monocytogenes transfer coefficients and efficacy of bacterial removal through cleaning and sanitation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 157(2), 267-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.05.019
Henriques, A.R., Gama, L.T. & Fraqueza, M.J. (2017). Tracking Listeria monocytogenes contamination and virulence associated characteristic in the ready-to-eat meat-based food products industry according to hygiene level. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 242, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.020
Jalali, M. & Abedi, D. (2008). Prevalence of Listeria speices in food products in Isfahan Iran. Int J Food Microbiol, 122(3), 336-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.082
Jami, S., Jamshidi, A. & Khanzadi, S. (2010). The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk samples in Mashhad, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 11(4), 363-367. 22099/IJVR.2010.108
Kaur, S., Singh, R., Sran, M.K. & Gill, JP. (2018). Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in white meat samples from Punjab, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 52(11), 1635-41. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-3414
Kačániová, M., Kluz, M., Petrová, J., Mellen, M. & Kunová, S. (2015). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat product samples by real time PCR. Modern Chemistry & Applications, 3, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000155
Kurpas, M., Wieczorek, K. & Osek, J. (2018). Ready-to-eat meat products as a source of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(1),49-55. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0007
Kanuganti, S.R., Wesley, I.V., Reddy, P.G., McKean, J. & Hurd, H.S. (2002). Detection Listeria monocytogenes in pigs and pork. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 1470–1474. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.9.1470
Liu, D. (2006). Identification, subtyping and virulence determination of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55(6), 645-59. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46495-0
Montero, D., Bodero, M., Riveros, G., Lapierre, L., Gaggero, A., Vidal, R.M. &Vidal, M. (2015). Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from a wide variety of ready-to-eat foods and their relationship to clinical strains from listeriosis outbreaks in Chile. Front Microbiology, 6, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00384
Norowzi, J., Moradi, B. & Shafiee, M. (2013). Detection of actA gene in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy products. Journal of Microbial World, 6(3), 246-252. [In Persian]
Osaili, T., Alaboudi, A. & Nesiar, E. (2011). Prevalence of Listeria spp. and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from raw chicken and ready-to-eat chicken products in Jordan. Food Control, 22(3), 586-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.10.008
Orndorff, P.E., Hamrick, T.S., Smoak, I.W. & Havell, E.A. (2006). Host and bacterial factors in listeriosis pathogenesis. Veterinary Microbiology, 16, 114(1-2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.12.003
Pintado, C. M. B., Oliveira, A., Pampulha, M. E. & Ferreira, M. A. S. (2005). Prevalence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from soft cheese. Food Microbiology, 22(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.04.004
Pan, Y., Breidt, F. Jr. & Kathariou S. (2006). Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms to sanitizing agents in simulated food processing environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7711–7717. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01065-06
Perrin, M., Bremer, M. & Delamare, C. (2007). Fatal microbiological methods, 71(2),13.
Rahimi, E. & Shakarian, A. (2014). Prevalence of Listeria species in ready-to-eat foods in Shahrekord restaurants. Journal of Laboratory Sciences, 2, 87-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68460-4_16
Rawool, D.B., Malik, S.V.S., Barbuddhe, S.B., Shakuntala, I. & Aurora, R. (2007). Multiplex PCR for Detection of Virulence Associated Genes in Listeria monocytogenes. Internet Journalof Food Safety, 9, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.029
Şanlıbaba, P., Tezel, B.U. & Çakmak, GA. (2018). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Turkey. Journal of Food Quality, 7693782. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7693782
Shahbazi, A. M., Rashedi, M. & Sohrabi, R. (2013). Comparative contamination of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional dairy products in Esfahan Province, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(16), 1522-1526. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.1290
Swaminathan, B. & Gerner-Smidt, P. (2007). The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect, 9, 1236–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.011
_||_
Almeida, P.F. & Almeida, R.C.C. (2000). A PCR protocol using inl gene as a target for specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control, 11(2), 97-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(99)00067-5
(2016). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, and food-borne outbreaks in 2015. EFSA Journal, 14. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4634
Akhondzadeh Basati, A., Misaghi, A., Salehi Zahraei, T. & Kamkar, A. (2006). Bacterial pathogens in fresh smoked and salted Irainian fish. Food Control, 17(3), 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.10.001
Baharvand, R. (2015). A gene in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 19 (1), 24-31. [In Persian]
Bierne, H., Sabet, C., Personnic, N. & Cossart, P. (2007). Internalins: a complex family of leucine-richrepeat-containing proteins in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbes and Infection, 9, 1156-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.003
Borović, B.B., Baltić, T., Lakićević, B., Janković, V., Mitrović, R. Jovanović, J. & Lilić S. (2014). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready–to–eat food of animal origin. Meat Technology, 55, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.5937/tehmesa1402117b
Carpentier, B. & Cerf, O. (2011). Review — Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food industry equipment and premises. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.005
Chaitiemwong, N., Hazeleger, W.C., Beumer, R.R. & Zwietering, M.H. (2014). Quantification of transfer of Listeria monocytogenes between cooked ham and slicing machine surface. Food Control, 44, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.056
Choi, W.S. & Hong, C. (2003). Rapid enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in milk using competitive PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 84, 79– 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00401-4
Di Pinto, A., Novello, L., Montemurro, F., Bonerba, E. & Tantillo G. (2010). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat foods from supermarkets in southern Italy. New Microbiology, 33, 249–252.
Esho, F. K., Enkhtuya, B., Kusumoto, A. & Kawamoto, K. (2013). Microbial Assessment and Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Natural Cheeses in Japan. BioMed Research International, 20580, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/205801
Freitag, N.E., Rong, L. & Portnoy, D.A. (1993). Regulation of the prfA transcriptional activator of Listeria monocytogenes: multiple promoter elements contribute to intracellular growth and cell-to-cell spread. Infect Immune, 61 (6), 2537.
https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.61.6.2537-2544.1993
Gamboa-Marín A., Buitrago S.M., Pérez-Pérez K., Mercado M.R., Poutou-Piñales R. & Carrascal-Camacho A. (2012). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in pork-meat and other processed products from the Colombian swine industry. Rev MVZ Cordoba, 17, 2827–2833. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.250
Greco, S., Tolli, R., Bossù, T., Flores Rodas, E. M., Di Giamberardino, F., Di Sirio, A., Vita, S., De 633 Angelis, V., Bilei, S., Sonnessa, M., Gattuso, A. & Lanni, L. (2014). Case of contamination 634 by Listeria monocytogenes in mozzarella cheese. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 3(1), 51-53.22. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2014.1708
Gómez, D., Pilar Iguácel, L., Rota, C., Carramiñana, J.J., Ariño, A. & Yangüela, J. (2015). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products and meat processing plants in Spain. Foods, 4, 271–282. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030271
Gudbjörnsdóttir, B., Suihko, M. L., Gustavsson, P., Thorkelsson, G., Salo, S., Sjöberg, A. M., Niclasen, O. & Bredholt, S. (2004). The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat, poultry and seafood plants in the Nordic countries. Food Microbial, 21, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0740-0020(03)00012-1
Hamidiyan, N., Salehi-Abargouei, A., Rezaei, Z., Dehghani-Tafti, R. & Akrami-Mohajeri, F. (2018). The prevalence of Listeria spp. Food contamination in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Research International, 107, 437-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.038
Hellström, S., Laukkanen, R., Siekkinen, K.M., Jukka, R., Maijala, R. & Korkeala, H. (2010). Listeria monocytogenes contamination in pork can originate from farms. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 641–648. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.641
Hoelzer, K., Pouillot, R., Gallagher, D., Silverman, M.B., Kause, J. & Dennis, S. (2012). Estimation of Listeria monocytogenes transfer coefficients and efficacy of bacterial removal through cleaning and sanitation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 157(2), 267-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.05.019
Henriques, A.R., Gama, L.T. & Fraqueza, M.J. (2017). Tracking Listeria monocytogenes contamination and virulence associated characteristic in the ready-to-eat meat-based food products industry according to hygiene level. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 242, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.020
Jalali, M. & Abedi, D. (2008). Prevalence of Listeria speices in food products in Isfahan Iran. Int J Food Microbiol, 122(3), 336-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.082
Jami, S., Jamshidi, A. & Khanzadi, S. (2010). The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk samples in Mashhad, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 11(4), 363-367. 22099/IJVR.2010.108
Kaur, S., Singh, R., Sran, M.K. & Gill, JP. (2018). Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in white meat samples from Punjab, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 52(11), 1635-41. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-3414
Kačániová, M., Kluz, M., Petrová, J., Mellen, M. & Kunová, S. (2015). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat product samples by real time PCR. Modern Chemistry & Applications, 3, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000155
Kurpas, M., Wieczorek, K. & Osek, J. (2018). Ready-to-eat meat products as a source of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(1),49-55. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0007
Kanuganti, S.R., Wesley, I.V., Reddy, P.G., McKean, J. & Hurd, H.S. (2002). Detection Listeria monocytogenes in pigs and pork. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 1470–1474. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.9.1470
Liu, D. (2006). Identification, subtyping and virulence determination of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55(6), 645-59. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46495-0
Montero, D., Bodero, M., Riveros, G., Lapierre, L., Gaggero, A., Vidal, R.M. &Vidal, M. (2015). Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from a wide variety of ready-to-eat foods and their relationship to clinical strains from listeriosis outbreaks in Chile. Front Microbiology, 6, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00384
Norowzi, J., Moradi, B. & Shafiee, M. (2013). Detection of actA gene in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy products. Journal of Microbial World, 6(3), 246-252. [In Persian]
Osaili, T., Alaboudi, A. & Nesiar, E. (2011). Prevalence of Listeria spp. and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from raw chicken and ready-to-eat chicken products in Jordan. Food Control, 22(3), 586-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.10.008
Orndorff, P.E., Hamrick, T.S., Smoak, I.W. & Havell, E.A. (2006). Host and bacterial factors in listeriosis pathogenesis. Veterinary Microbiology, 16, 114(1-2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.12.003
Pintado, C. M. B., Oliveira, A., Pampulha, M. E. & Ferreira, M. A. S. (2005). Prevalence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from soft cheese. Food Microbiology, 22(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.04.004
Pan, Y., Breidt, F. Jr. & Kathariou S. (2006). Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms to sanitizing agents in simulated food processing environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7711–7717. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01065-06
Perrin, M., Bremer, M. & Delamare, C. (2007). Fatal microbiological methods, 71(2),13.
Rahimi, E. & Shakarian, A. (2014). Prevalence of Listeria species in ready-to-eat foods in Shahrekord restaurants. Journal of Laboratory Sciences, 2, 87-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68460-4_16
Rawool, D.B., Malik, S.V.S., Barbuddhe, S.B., Shakuntala, I. & Aurora, R. (2007). Multiplex PCR for Detection of Virulence Associated Genes in Listeria monocytogenes. Internet Journalof Food Safety, 9, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.029
Şanlıbaba, P., Tezel, B.U. & Çakmak, GA. (2018). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Turkey. Journal of Food Quality, 7693782. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7693782
Shahbazi, A. M., Rashedi, M. & Sohrabi, R. (2013). Comparative contamination of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional dairy products in Esfahan Province, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(16), 1522-1526. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.1290
Swaminathan, B. & Gerner-Smidt, P. (2007). The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect, 9, 1236–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.011
