علف¬کش¬های زیستی مبتنی بر پایه عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی
الموضوعات :
1 - کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
2 - کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشكده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: باغبانی, خواص بیولوژیکی, سمیت گیاهی, کشاورزی پایدار, متابولیت¬های ثانویه,
ملخص المقالة :
علف¬کش¬های زیستی مبتنی بر پایه عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی چکیده کاربرد علف‌کش از دیرباز به عنوان کارآمدترین روش کنترل علف‌های هرز در تولیدات کشاورزی در سراسر جهان می¬باشد. با این حال، استفاده طولانی مدت از مواد شیمیایی کشاورزی اثرات منفی متعددی بر محصولات و محیط زیست دارد. در سال‌های اخیر، توسعه محصولات جدید مبتنی بر ترکیبات زیست فعال برای کنترل زیستی علف¬های هرز اهمیت پیدا کرده است زیرا به کاهش استفاده از ترکیبات و علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی در کشاورزی کمک می‌کند. علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی، می‌توانند منجر به اثرات نامطلوب مانند بیماری‌های انسانی و همچنین بدلیل جابجایی آنها در هوا و ماندگاری در محیط¬های مختلف، محیط زیست را مختل می‌کنند. به نظر می¬رسد استفاده از مولکول¬های طبیعی، جایگزین بسیار خوبی برای حفظ کشاورزی پایدار و بدون عوارض جانبی منفی علف¬کش¬های مصنوعی است. در این زمینه، عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی و اجزای آنها به لطف فعالیت¬های زیست¬کشی شناخته شده¬اند. اسانس¬ها منبع مهمی از ترکیبات فعال بیولوژیکی هستند، ترپن¬های اکسیژن¬دار، و مونو و سسکوی¬ترپن¬ها، نقش اصلی را در سمیت گیاهی اسانس¬ها ایفا می¬کنند. اسانس¬ها و اجزای آنها، عمدتاً ترپنوئیدها، به عنوان ترکیبات طبیعی خالص یا مخلوط، بدلیل تنوع ساختاری و فعالیت سمیت گیاهی قوی، می¬توانند نامزدهای خوبی برای علف¬کش¬های زیستی جدید یا به عنوان مواد اولیه برای علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی جدید باشد. واژه¬های کلیدی: باغبانی، خواص بیولوژیکی، سمیت گیاهی، کشاورزی پایدار، متابولیت¬های ثانویه مقدمه علف¬های هرز یک محدودیت مهم برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی هستند (Jugulam. 2017). علف¬های هرز تقریباً 1/0 درصد از فلور جهان را تشکیل می¬دهند و با شیوه¬های کشاورزی تکامل می¬یابند. علف¬های هرز می¬توانند از طریق رقابت برای منابعی مانند نور، آب و مواد غذایی و با تولید ترکیبات شیمیایی موسوم به ترکیبات آللوپاتیک باعث کاهش عملکرد محصول شوند (Rice. 1984).
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