آلاینده‌های نوظهور در محیطهای آبی: وقوع، منابع، سرنوشت، اثرات بهداشتی و زیست محیطی و ارزیابی ریسک
الموضوعات :
محمد صفری
1
(دانشکده پزشکی، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران)
احمد اصل هاشمی
2
(گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
غلامحسین صفری
3
(گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
الکلمات المفتاحية: محیطهای آبی, آلاینده‌های نوظهور, سرنوشت, اثرات بهداشتی, ارزیابی ریسک,
ملخص المقالة :
آلاینده‌های نوظهور (EPS) شامل بسیاری از ترکیبات مصنوعی یا طبیعی از قبیل زیست‌کش‌ها (بیوسایدها)، بازدارنده‌های آتش، هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک چند حلقه‌ای، نرم‌کننده‌ها، مواد فعال سطحی (سورفکتانت‌ها)، هورمون‌ها، محصولات مراقبت شخصی، ترکیبات دارویی و نانوذرات می‌باشند، که اغلب در محیط کنترل یا نظارت نمیشوند. این آلاینده ها در غلظتهای محیطی کم وجود دارند و اثرات شدیدی بر سلامتی انسان و موجودات زنده میگذارند. این آلایندهها عمدتاً در بیمارستانها، مزارع کشاورزی و مناطق شهری و صنعتی تولید میشوند. راههای اصلی ورود آنها به محیط زیست، بقایای آبهای آلوده، لجن فاضلاب حاصل از تصفیهخانه فاضلاب و کود دامی ناشی از مزارع کشاورزی می‌باشند. با این حال، اگرچه منابع ورودی این آلایندهها شناخته شده هستند، سرنوشت و رفتار آنها در بخش‌های مختلف محیطی و همچنین خطرات آنها برای سلامتی انسان و محیط زیست نیاز به تحقیقات بیشتری دارد. هدف از این مقاله مروری، بررسی وضعیت فعلی وقوع، منابع آلودگی، سرنوشت، اثرات بهداشتی و زیستمحیطی و همچنین ارزیابی ریسک‌های ناشی از EPها در محیطهای آبی در راستای مدیریت پایدار منابع آبی میباشد. در این مقاله مروری طبقه‌بندی EPها در محیط زیست، منابع، سرنوشت و اثرات آنها، با چند مثال مورد بحث قرار میگیرد. همچنین برخی از مشکلات مربوط به آلودگی محیطهای آبی با EPها و ریسکهایی که آنها میتوانند برای آبزیان و سلامتی انسانها ایجاد کنند، ارائه میشود. این مقاله نگاهی انتقادی به چالش‌های فعلی ناشی از حضور EPها در محیطهای آبی و توصیه‌هایی برای تحقیقات بیشتر به منظور کاهش اثرات EPها بر محیطهای آبی و سلامت انسان ارائه می‌کند.
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