بازنمایی چالش‌های آموزش مجازی در نظام آموزش عالی ایران: مطالعه‌ای با روش پدیدار شناسی
الموضوعات :مهدی قربانخانی 1 , کیوان صالحی 2
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد تحقیقات آموزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه روش‌ها و برنامه‌های درسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: آموزش مجازی, پدیدارشناسی, فرآیند یاددهی یادگیری, چالشها,
ملخص المقالة :
آموزش مجازی، فرصتی بی‌‌بدیل برای رویارویی با محدودیت‌‌های آموزش حضوری، تحقق آرمان آموزش برای همه و زمینه‌‌سازی برای توسعه پایدار و متوازن در کشور است. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف تحلیل ادراک و تجربه زیسته دانشجویان و استادان دانشگاه از چالش‌های آموزش مجازی در نظام آموزش عالی انجام شده است. بدین منظور با بهره‌گیری از روش کیفی و با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی به شناسایی و بازنمایی پدیده مورد بررسی پرداخته شد. داده‌‌ها با استفاده از نمونه‌‌گیری هدف‌مند و مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته با بیست نفر از دانشجویان و مدرسان دوره‌‌های مجازی دانشگاه تهران گردآوری شد و به روش کلایزی تحلیل‌گردید. در شانزدهمین مصاحبه، اشباع نظری داده‌‌ها حاصل شد. اما، به منظور اعتباربخشی یافته‌‌ها، مصاحبهها تا بیستمین نفر ادامه یافت. تحلیل داده‌‌های حاصل از مصاحبهها، منجر به شناسایی 5 مقوله اصلی گردید که شامل چالش‌های مربوط به دانشگاه، مربوط به استاد، مربوط به دانشجو، مربوط به سامانه و مربوط به کلاس است. یافته‌‌ها نشان داد که آموزش‌‌های مجازی در نظام آموزش عالی با چالش‌های متنوع و متفاوتی مواجه هستند و تا رسیدن به شرایط بهینه، فاصله دوچندانی داشته و بهبود کیفیت آن، مستلزم نگاه جدی متولیان و دوری از طرز تلقی آموزش درجه دوم به این قبیل آموزش‌ها است.
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Bazargan, A. (2010). Introduction to qualitative research methods and mixed conventional approaches in the behavioral sciences. Tehran: Didar.
Beaudoin, M. (2016). Issues in distance education: A primer for higher education decision makers. New Directions for Higher Education, 173, 9-19.
Darabi, S., Neyestani, M., & Babri, H. (2014). Identifying and prioritizing strategic planning components in virtual education (A qualitative study in the virtual school of Isfahan University). Media, 18, 47-56. (in Persian).
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e-learning in selected countries in the fields of medical sciences. Faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Health Payavard), 3(4), 55-69.
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Khadivar, S., & Rahmani, Y. (2014). Virtual University obstacles and challenges in the electronic city. Bimonthly Artificial Intelligence and Instrumentation, 8(4), 186-205.
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Martinez, E. (2011). Factors affecting effectiveness in e-learning: An analysis in production management courses. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 19(3), 572-581.
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Parhizi, R., Zamani, B., & Asemi, A. (2014). Virtual learning challenges. Growth of Educational Technology, 7, 40-43.
Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage Publication.
Safford, K., & Stinton, J. (2016). Barriers to blended digital distance vocational learning for non-traditional students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(1), 135-150.
Salehi, K., Bazargan, A., Sadeghi, N., & Shokohiyekta, M. (2015). Representations perceptions and lived experiences of teachers from potential damage caused by the implementation of descriptive evaluation in primary schools. Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 5(9), 59-99. (in Persian).
Sedghpoor, B., & Mirzaei, S. H. (2008). Challenges attitude of faculty members in
e-Learning. Educational Technology, 3(1), 77-87. (in Persian).
Sharif Khalifeh Soltani, M., Karimi Alavijeh, M., & Mazaheri, M. (2011). The study of challenges in applying information and communication technology in teaching and learning processes. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 1(3), 23-42. (in Persian).
Stodel E. J., Thompson, T. L., & MacDonald, C. J. (2006). Learners' perspectives on what is missing from online learning: Interpretations through the community of inquiry framework. International Review ofResearch in Open and Distance Learning, 7(3),1-24.
Teo, T. (2010). A structural equation modeling of factors influencing student teachers’ satisfaction with e-learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(6), 1029-1042.
Zamani, B., Parhizi, R., & Kaviani, H. (2015). Identify challenges and performance assessment of students' e-courses. Educational Technology, 9(3), 199-206. (in Persian).
Zameer, A. (2010). Virtual education system: Current myth & future reality in Pakistan. Informing Science and Information Technology, 7(1), 1-8.
Zameni, F., & Kardan, S. (2010). Effect of ICT in learning mathematics. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 1(1), 23-38. (in Persian).
Zolfaghari, M., Sarmadi, M., Negarandeh, R., Zandi, B., & Ahmadi, F. (2009). Attitude of faculty members to teach nursing and midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences combination of e-learning system. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Life), 15, 31-39. (in Persian).
_||_Abedi, H. A. (2010). The application of phenomenological research in clinical sciences. Strategy Quarterly, 54(19), 207-224. (in Persian).
Adib Hajbagheri, M., Parvizi, S., & Salsali, M. (2007). Qualitative research methods. Tehran: Boshra. (in Persian).
Agbahi, A., Moarefzadeh, A., & Moshtaghi, S. (2012). Pedagogical barriers in the development of e-learning: The case of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Education Development Jundishapur, 3(4), 39-48.
Andone, L., & Sireteanu, N-A. (2009). Strategies for technology-based learning in higher education. The FedUni Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 31-42.
Bazargan, A. (2010). Introduction to qualitative research methods and mixed conventional approaches in the behavioral sciences. Tehran: Didar.
Beaudoin, M. (2016). Issues in distance education: A primer for higher education decision makers. New Directions for Higher Education, 173, 9-19.
Darabi, S., Neyestani, M., & Babri, H. (2014). Identifying and prioritizing strategic planning components in virtual education (A qualitative study in the virtual school of Isfahan University). Media, 18, 47-56. (in Persian).
Dargahi, H., Ghazi Saedi, M., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). A comparative study of
e-learning in selected countries in the fields of medical sciences. Faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Health Payavard), 3(4), 55-69.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage Publications.
Dooris, M. (2003). Two decades of strategic planning. Planning of Higher Education, 31(2), 165-173.
Dreyfus, H. (2010). On the Internet (Translated by Ali Nejad). Tehran: Saghi publishing. (in Persian).
Fakhrrad, P. (2005). Analyzing challenges and problems of e-learning centers in Tehran state universities in staff's view. M.A. Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Tehran. (in Persian).
Freeze, R. D., Alshare, K. A., Peggy L. L., & Wen, H. J. (2010). IS success model in e-learning context based on students' perceptions. Information Systems Education, 21(2), 173-184.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 191-215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Jee K. K., Liu, S., & Bonk, C. J. (2005). Online MBA students’ perceptions of online learning: Benefits, challenges, and suggestions. Internet and Higher Education, 335-344.
Jefferson, R. N., & Arnold, L. W. (2009). Effects of virtual education on academic culture perceived advantages and disadvantages. US-ChinaEducation Review, 6(3), 61-66.
Joy, D. (2012). Instructors transitioning to online education. Ph.D. thesis, USA: Proquest information and learning company. Retrieved Feb 9, 2012, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09232004-172606/unrestricted/Disse rtationfinal3.pdf
Keller, C. H., Lindh, J., Hrastinski, S., Casanovas, I., & Fernandez, G. (2009). The impact of national culture on e-learning implementation: A comparative study of an Argentinean and a Swedish University.Educational Media International, 46(1), 67-80.
Khadivar, S., & Rahmani, Y. (2014). Virtual University obstacles and challenges in the electronic city. Bimonthly Artificial Intelligence and Instrumentation, 8(4), 186-205.
Kiyan, M. (2014). Virtual learning challenges, narrating what the virtual university is not taught. Media, 5(3), 11-22. (in Persian).
Martinez, E. (2011). Factors affecting effectiveness in e-learning: An analysis in production management courses. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 19(3), 572-581.
Maxwell, J. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. (Second Edition). London: Sage Publications.
Miliszewska, L., & Rhema, A. (2010). Towards e-learning in higher education in Libya. Informing Science and Information Technology, 7(1), 423-437.
Mirzaean, V. R. (2007). Review using e-learning strategies in universities based on research experiences. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Languages, University of Science and Technology. (in Persian).
Modanlo, Y., & Salarian, F. (2011). Examine the role of virtual universities in achieving the goals of higher education. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 1(4), 131-151. (in Persian).
Musingafi, M. C. C., Mapuranga, B., Chiwanza, K., & Zebron, S. (2015). Challenges for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) students: Experiences from students of the Zimbabwe Open University. Education and Practice, 6(18), 59-66.
Nasiri, F. (2005), The factors underlying the establishment of virtual education. Light Peak, Humanities, 3(2), 120-125.
Neuman, L. (2007). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (Second Edition). Allyn & Bacon.
Nneka Eke, H. (2011). Modeling LIS students intention to adopt e-learning:A case from University of Nigeria Nsukka. Nigeria: Library Philosophy and Practice.
Norozi, M., Zandi, F., & Mosa Madani, F. (2008). Ranking of IT application in teaching-learning process in schools. Educational Innovations, 7(26), 9-34. (in Persian).
Owolabi, T. O., Oyewole, B. K., & Oke, J. O. (2013). Teacher education, information and communication technology: Prospects and challenges of e-teaching profession in Nigeria. American Journal of Humanities and SocialSciences, 1(2), 87-91.
Parhizi, R., Zamani, B., & Asemi, A. (2014). Virtual learning challenges. Growth of Educational Technology, 7, 40-43.
Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage Publication.
Safford, K., & Stinton, J. (2016). Barriers to blended digital distance vocational learning for non-traditional students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(1), 135-150.
Salehi, K., Bazargan, A., Sadeghi, N., & Shokohiyekta, M. (2015). Representations perceptions and lived experiences of teachers from potential damage caused by the implementation of descriptive evaluation in primary schools. Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 5(9), 59-99. (in Persian).
Sedghpoor, B., & Mirzaei, S. H. (2008). Challenges attitude of faculty members in
e-Learning. Educational Technology, 3(1), 77-87. (in Persian).
Sharif Khalifeh Soltani, M., Karimi Alavijeh, M., & Mazaheri, M. (2011). The study of challenges in applying information and communication technology in teaching and learning processes. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 1(3), 23-42. (in Persian).
Stodel E. J., Thompson, T. L., & MacDonald, C. J. (2006). Learners' perspectives on what is missing from online learning: Interpretations through the community of inquiry framework. International Review ofResearch in Open and Distance Learning, 7(3),1-24.
Teo, T. (2010). A structural equation modeling of factors influencing student teachers’ satisfaction with e-learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(6), 1029-1042.
Zamani, B., Parhizi, R., & Kaviani, H. (2015). Identify challenges and performance assessment of students' e-courses. Educational Technology, 9(3), 199-206. (in Persian).
Zameer, A. (2010). Virtual education system: Current myth & future reality in Pakistan. Informing Science and Information Technology, 7(1), 1-8.
Zameni, F., & Kardan, S. (2010). Effect of ICT in learning mathematics. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 1(1), 23-38. (in Persian).
Zolfaghari, M., Sarmadi, M., Negarandeh, R., Zandi, B., & Ahmadi, F. (2009). Attitude of faculty members to teach nursing and midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences combination of e-learning system. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Life), 15, 31-39. (in Persian).
