تأثیر سیستم‌های مختلف زهکشی زیرزمینی بر دفع نیترات از اراضی کلزای دیم
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری
فرزاد حق نظری
1
(دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل)
فاطمه کاراندیش
2
(گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل)
عبداله درزی نفت چالی
3
(دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری)
ایریکا سیمیونک
4
(دانشگاه کالیفرنیا ریورساید)
کلید واژه: اراضی شالیزاری, تلفات نیترات, زهکشی زیرزمینی, حفاظت منابع آب سطحی, کشاورزی دیم,
چکیده مقاله :
در پژوهش حاضر، که طی دو فصل زراعی 1395-1394 و 1396-1395 در اراضی شالیزاری تجهیز و نوسازی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری با وسعت 5/4 هکتار صورت گرفت، تاثیر سیستم‌های مختلف زهکشی بر روند دفع نیترات به منابع آب سطحی بررسی شد. این سیستم‌ها شامل سه نوع سیستم زهکشی زیرزمینی معمولی متشکل از عمق و فواصل مختلف زهکش به ترتیب 9/0 متر و 30 متر (D0.90L30)، و 65/0 متر و 30 متر (D0.65L30)، 65/0 متر و 15 متر (D0.65L15) و یک سیستم زهکشی زیرزمینی دو عمقی (Bilevel) متشکل از چهار خط زهکش به فاصله 15 متر با اعماق 9/0 و 65/0 متر به صورت یک در میان بودند. علاوه بر اندازه‌گیری روزانه‌ی دبی خروجی از زهکش‌ها، غلظت نیترات زه‌آب نیز با تناوب دو هفته یکبار در طول فصل‌های کشت تعیین شد. تغییرات روزانه‌ی دبی زهکش‌ها در سیستم‌های Bilevel، D0.65L15، D0.65L30 و D0.90L30 به ترتیب بین 231-0، 220-0، 227-0 و 250-0 سانتی‌مترمکعب بر ثانیه در نوسان بود. بررسی رابطه‌ی دبی-بارش نشان داد که شدت بارش 10 میلی‌متر در روز، حد آستانه‌ی کاهش توان زهکش بوده و بارش‌های فراتر از این حد می‌تواند مشکلات ماندابی در محدوده‌ی پژوهش ایجاد نماید. احداث سیستم‌های زهکشی منتخب می‌تواند سالانه 7/34-2/2 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیترات را به منابع آب سطحی دفع نماید؛ لکن احداث سیستم زهکشی D0.65L30 کم‌ترین مخاطره زیست‌محیطی را از این حیث خواهد داشت به این ترتیب، بهره‌بردای زیست‌محیطیِ پایدار از این سیستم‌ها برای توسعه‌ی کشت دیم، نیازمند بررسی‌های دقیق در هنگام انتخاب عمق و فواصل نصب زهکش خواهد بود.
In this research, which was carried out in the 4.5-ha consolidated paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during two cropping cycles of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, the influence of different drainage systems on total nitrate loss into local surface water resources was investigated. These systems included three regular subsurface drainage systems with different drain depths and spacings of, respectively, 0.9 m and 30 m (D0.90L30), 0.65 m and 30 m (D0.65L30), and 0.65 m and 15 m (D0.65L15), and a bilevel drainage system consisting of four drain lines with 15 m spacing and 0.65 and 0.9 m alternative depth (Bilevel). In addition to daily measuring drainage fluxes, nitrate concentrations in the collected drainage water were also measured every other weeks during the cropping cycles. Daily average drainage discharges under Bilevel, D0.90L30, D0.65L30, and D0.65L15 varied in the ranges of 0-231 cm3 s-1, 0-220 cm3 s-1, 0-227 cm3 s-1 and 0-250 cm3 s-1, respectively. Analyzing precipitation-drainage discharge correlations reveals that the precipitation intensity of 10 mm d-1 is the threshold of drainage capacity reduction, and precipitation intensities beyond this threshold may result in water logging challenges in the study area. Consolidating the selected drainage systems may result in annual nitrate losses of 2.2-34.7 kg ha-1 into the surface water resources; however, the D0.65L30 systems may have less environmental consequences in this view of point. Therefore, environmentally sustainable operations of these systems for expanding rainfed-cropping requires precious investigations when selecting drain depths and spacings.
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