طراحی مدل نهادینه سازی برابری جنسیتی در ورزش بانوان: رویکرد برساخت گرایی
محورهای موضوعی : علوم ورزش
تیمور سلیمان بیگی
1
,
جمشید همتی
2
*
,
نوید مهتاب
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم ورزشی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران
2 - استادیار رشته مدیریت ورزشی، گروه علوم ورزشی، واحد بهبهان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بهبهان، ایران
3 - گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد قروه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قروه، ایران
کلید واژه: برابری جنسیتی, ورزش زنان, نهادینهسازی, نظریه داده بنیاد, رهیافت ساخت گرایانه,
چکیده مقاله :
برابری جنسیتی یکی از مؤلفههای اساسی توسعه پایدار در جوامع معاصر بهشمار میرود. با این حال، زنان در حوزه ورزش همچنان با موانع ساختاری، فرهنگی و نهادی مواجهاند که مانع از بهرهمندی برابر آنان از فرصتهای ورزشی میشود. هدف این مطالعه ارائه الگوی نهادینهسازی برابری جنستی در ورزش ایران بود. این مطالعه کیفی و روش آن از نوع نظریه داده بنیاد رهیافت ساختگرایانه است. مشارکتکنندگان این مطالعه را ذینفعان (ورزشکاران زن و مرد قهرمان ملی، صاحبنظران ورزش زنان، مدیران ورزش، جامعهشناسان ورزشی و حقوقدانان ورزشی) تشکیل میدادند. انتخاب این افراد بهصورت هدفمند بود. نمونهگیری تا رسیدن به حد اشباع نظری ادامه پیدا کرد، بر این مبنا تعداد 22 مصاحبه انجام گرفت. برای جمعآوری اطلاعات، از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها از دو فرایند همپوش کدگذاری باز و کدگذاری متمرکز استفاده شد. نظریه برآمده از دادههای تحقیق نشان داد: نهادینه سازی برابری جنسیتی در ورزش ایران شامل تعاملات بین عوامل و سطوح متعدد است و لزوماً از الگوهای گذشته پیروی نمیکند. این بدین معناست که برای نهادینه سازی برابری جنسیتی در ورزش ایران ابتدا باید امنیت برقرار باشد. پس از اینکه امنیت در ابعاد فردی، عمومی و اجتماعی مهیا شد لازم است حمایت و پشتیبانی لازم بعمل آید. این حمایت در پنج بعد حمایت رسانهای، حمایت قانونی، حمایت اجتماعی، حمایت دولت و حمایت سازمانهای ورزشی بایستی پیگیری شود. در ادامه لازم است توانمندسازی و بهسازی که خود ترکیبی از ابعاد توانمندسازی جمعی، توانمندسازی فردی، جانشینپروری و مطالبهگری زنان است مورد توجه قرار گیرد. سرانجام در بالاترین سطح لازم است کنش اجتماعی انجام شود. این کنش بابد در سه بعد شکست سقف شیشهای، با تعریف هویت انسانی و اجتماعی و مقابله با هنجارهای جنسیتی باشد.
Gender equality is one of the fundamental components of sustainable development in contemporary societies. However, women in the field of sports continue to face structural, cultural, and institutional barriers that hinder their equal access to athletic opportunities. The aim of this study was to design a model for the institutionalization of gender equality in Iranian sports. This research was qualitative in nature and employed the constructivist grounded theory approach. Participants included key stakeholders such as national-level male and female athletes, experts in women's sports, sports managers, sports sociologists, and sports law professionals. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and theoretical sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, resulting in a total of 22 interviews. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews, and data was analyzed through the overlapping processes of open coding and focused coding. The emerging theory from the data revealed that the institutionalization of gender equality in Iranian sports involves dynamic interactions among various factors and levels and does not necessarily follow historical patterns. This means that the first prerequisite for institutionalizing gender equality in Iranian sports is the establishment of security—at individual, public, and social levels. Following the assurance of security, different forms of support must be provided, including media support, legal support, social support, governmental support, and support from sports organizations. The next phase involves empowerment and development, which includes collective empowerment, individual empowerment, succession planning, and advocacy by women. Finally, at the highest level, social action must take place, involving the breaking of the glass ceiling, the redefinition of human and social identity, and the confrontation with gender norms.
Ahmadi, M., Pezhhan, A., & Ghadimi, B. (2019). Sociological analysis of social barriers to participation in sports activities of women and men (Cause Study: Employees of the Mining and Trade). Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society, 10(39), 47-64.
Almasi, L. , Lebadi, Z. and Alipour, V. (2015). Glass ceiling in succession planning of women in management positions. Research on Educational Leadership and Management, 1(3), 91-118. doi: 10.22054/jrlat.2017.631.1016.
Alsarve, D. (2022). Achieving gender equity: barriers and possibilities at board level in Swedish sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-17.
Brown, C. J., Webb, T. L., Robinson, M. A., & Cotgreave, R. (2018). Athletes' experiences of social support during their transition out of elite sport: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 71-80.
Dehghan Benadaki, S A., Zare, Q., and Ahmadi Nasab, M. (2020). Modeling the factors influencing the creation of gender discrimination in the country's sports management from the perspective of the employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province. Women and Society Scientific Research Quarterly, 11(43), 129-148.
Dehghan, S. A., Zare, G., & Ahmadi Nasab, M. (2020). Modeling the Factors Affecting Gender Discrimination in Sports Management of the Country Viewpoint of Staff Sport and Youth Organizations of yazd Province. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society, 11(43), 129-148.
Enayat, H., Hassanzadeh, L., & Alborzi, S. (2019). Investigating Socio-Cultural Factors Contributing to Women’s Sports Activities in Shiraz. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society, 10(39), 81-98.
Eriksen, I. M. (2021). Teens’ dreams of becoming professional athletes: The gender gap in youths’ sports ambitions. Sport in Society, 1-15.
Evans, K. J., & Maley, J. F. (2021). Barriers to women in senior leadership: how unconscious bias is holding back Australia’s economy. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 59(2), 204-226.
Gholampour Galshaklami, H., Mirzaei, K., Ghadimi, B., & Alipour Darvishi, Z. (2019). Social and cultural factors affecting the desire of young people to participate in sports (with emphasis on women). Women and Society, 11(41), 151-176.
Hanlon, C., & Taylor, T. (2022). Workplace Experiences of Women with Disability in Sport Organizations. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1-13.
Lehtonen, K., Oja, S., & Hakamäki, M. (2022). Equality in sports and physical activity in Finland in 2021.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. sage.
Lindsey, L. L. (2020). Gender: Sociological Perspectives. Routledge.
Massoud, Azerbaijani. (2009). Gender justice and women's employment. Women's strategic studies (women's book). 12(46), 81-116.
McGovern, J. (2021). The intersection of class, race, gender and generation in shaping Latinas’ sport experiences. Sociological Spectrum, 41(1), 96-114.
Menaldo, V. (2016). The institutions curse: Natural resources, politics, and development. Cambridge University Press.
Mehrara, A., Shafipour, F., Dianti, R., & Zare Zaidi, A. (2017). Glass ceiling, from challenges and solutions to empowering women. Shabak Journal, 10(29), 61-74.
Monazami, M., Alam, Sh., Shetab Boshehri, S. N. (2010). Determining effective factors on the development of physical education and sports among women of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sport management, 10, 151-168.
Nazari Azad, M., Talebpour, A., & Kashani, M. (2018). Sociological analysis of gender inequality in sports (from the perspective of female national champion athletes). Women and Society, 10(4), 289-315.
Nimrozi, N., & Sahne, B. (2019). A comparative study of women's sports participation in Golestan province. Women and Society, 11(43), 323-338.
Palascakova, L.(2020). Persistence of Gender Stereotypes in Sports, journal of women's entrepreneurship and education, 20, 72-86.
Pape, M. (2020). Gender Segregation and Trajectories of Organizational Change: The Underrepresentation of Women in Sports Leadership. Gender & Society, 34(1), 81–105.
Patel, S. (2021). Gaps in the protection of athletes’ gender rights in sport regulatory riddles. The International Sports Law Journal, 1-19.
Posbergh, A. (2022). Defining ‘woman': A governmentality analysis of how protective policies is created in elite women's sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1-21.
Ramos, A., Latorre, F., Tomás, I., & Ramos, J. (2022). Women’s Promotion to Management and Unfairness Perceptions—A Challenge to the Social Sustainability of the Organizations and Beyond. Sustainability, 14(2), 1-19.
Saitova, E., & Di Mauro, C. (2021). The role of organizational and individual-level factors for the inclusion of women managers in Japan. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. 1-17.
Salami, S., & Mazhari, M. (2021). Women's rights in the field of urban law in the light of international human rights documents. Women and Culture, 13(48), 39-54.
Shomali, S. and Keshkar, S. (2022). Designing a model of sponsorship barriers management for women’s sports in Iran. Sport Management Journal, 14(2), 302-283. doi: 10.22059/j.
sm.2021.311881.2601
Tahmasabi, B., & Turkafar, A. (2018). Causal relationship between sociability and motivation with sports participation of female employees of Islamic Azad University, Maroodasht branch. Women and Society, 10(39), 65-80.
Vezzali, L., Visintin, E. P., Bisagno, E., Bröker, L., Cadamuro, A., Crapolicchio, E., ... & Harwood, J. (2023). Using sport media exposure to promote gender equality: Counter-stereotypical gender perceptions and the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 26(2), 265-283.
Walton, R. G. (2022). Women in social work. Taylor & Francis.