نئولیبرالیسم و بازتعریف سیاستهای دیاسپوریک در کشورهای مبدا (مطالعه موردی هند و مکزیک)
محورهای موضوعی : روابط بین الملل
طیبه واعظی
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مریم ایران نژاد پاریزی
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1 - استادیار گروه مطالعات منطقه ای دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
2 - دانش آموخته دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: دیاسپورا, شهروندی, مکزیک, نئولیبرالیسم, هند,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه دیاسپوراها در کنار سایر بازیگران غیردولتی به‌عنوان بازیگران عرصه بینالملل شناخته میشوند. از این رهگذر برخی از دولتها از جمله هند و مکزیک که زمانی به مهاجران از منظر فرار مغزها و یا به‌مثابه تهدیدی امنیتی بر ضد خود مینگریستند، از اوایل دهه ۱۹۹۰ با تغییر نوع نگرش و سیاستهای خود در زمینه ارتباط با دیاسپوراها در سرتاسر جهان تلاش کردند تا از ظرفیتهای سیاسی و اقتصادی این افراد در خدمت منافع کشور بهره بگیرند. پرسش مقاله حاضر این است که: گسترش نئولیبرالیسم چگونه بر تحول سیاست دیاسپوریک کشورها اثر گذاشته است؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش این فرضیه را بررسی میکنیم که: «نئولیبرالیسم از طریق بازتعریف مفهوم شهروندی بر مبنای منطق بازار ضمن دربرگرفتن دیاسپوراها به‌عنوان شهروندانی سهیم در توسعه کشور مبدأ، متناسب با میزان تخصص و مهارت و توانایی سرمایهگذاری افراد دیاسپورا روابط کشور مبدأ را با آنان تنظیم کرده است». برای بررسی فرضیه فوق ضمن جمعآوری دادهها با استفاده از روش کتابخانهای از روش تحقیق کیفی از نوع موردپژوهی استفاده شده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که نئولیبرالیسم معیارهای حقوقی تعریف شهروندی دیاسپوراها را تغییر داده است و بر اساس منطق بازار، بهرهوری، میزان سرمایه، تخصص، و مهارت قابل‌عرضه را جایگزین معیارهای حقوقی گذشته کرده است و بر همین اساس به بازتعریف سیاستهای خود در قبال دیاسپورا و مهندسی این گروه جمعیتی پرداخته است.
Today's, diasporas are increasingly being recognized as influential players on the international stage, right alongside other non-state actors. Interestingly, governments like those in India and Mexico, which once considered immigrants as a potential brain drain or a security threat, have shifted their perspectives since the early 1990s. These countries are now leveraging the political and economic potential of their diasporas to benefit national interests.
This article explores a key question: How has the spread of neoliberalism influenced the evolution of diaspora policies in various countries? Our hypothesis suggests that neoliberalism has redefined the concept of citizenship through a market-based lens. By doing so, it has included diasporas as contributors to the development of their countries of origin, tailoring the relationship based on the expertise, skills, and investment potential of diaspora members.
To delve into this hypothesis, we employed a qualitative case study approach, gathering data through extensive library research. Our findings indicate that neoliberalism has indeed altered the legal criteria for diaspora citizenship. Instead of the old legal standards, the new criteria emphasize productivity, capital, expertise, and skill sets. Consequently, these changes have shaped diaspora policies and strategically managed this significant population group.
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