اثربخشی آموزش انضباط مثبت با رویکرد آدلر- درایکورس بر استرس والدگری مادران دانش‌آموزان با ناتوانی‌های خاص یادگیری
محورهای موضوعی : تربیتیسید امیر قاسم تبار 1 , بدرالسادات دانشمند 2 , فاطمه السادات حسینی 3 , علی نجارپوریان 4
1 - استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان. دانشکده ادبیات، بخش علوم تربیتیکرمان، ایران
3 - کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد یزد، ایران.
4 - استادیار دانشگاه فرهنگیان، پردیس شهیدرجایی، شیراز، ایران
کلید واژه: ناتوانی‌های خاص یادگیری, استرس والدگری, انضباط مثبت, رویکرد آدلر- درایکورس,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش با شناخت اثربخشی آموزش انضباط مثبت با رویکرد آدلر- درایکورس بر استرس والدگری مادران دانش آموزان با ناتوانی های خاص یادگیری انجام شد. این مطالعه از نوع آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون/ پس آزمون / پیگیری با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری تمامی مادران دانش آموزان پایه سوم تا ششم ابتدایی مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری منطقه سه شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 97-1396 بودند که از بین آنها با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی، 32 نفر انتخاب شد و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل جایگزین شدند. گروه آزمایش طی هشت هفته (یک جلسه دو ساعته در هر هفته) تحت آموزش انضباط مثبت قرار گرفت. در گروه کنترل مداخله ای صورت نگرفت. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل مقیاس تجدیدنظر شده هوشی وکسلر کودکان (Wechsler, 1990)، پرسشنامه مشکلات یادگیری کلورادو (Willcutt, 2011)، و پرسشنامه 36 سوالی استرس والدینی- فرم کوتاه (Abidin, 1995) بود. نتایج تحلیل واریانس آمیخته کاهش معناداری را در نمره های استرس والدگری مادران گروه آزمایش در پس آزمون و پیگیری نشان داد (001/0P<). در رویکرد آدلر-درایکورس دلگرمی دادن والدین به کودکان باعث می شود آنها بخاطر هر آنچه هستند و هرکه هستند، احساس ارزشمند بودن نمایند، احساس تعلق به خانواده کنند، اهل همکاری شده و در جهت بهبود رابطه تلاش می کنند و بدین شکل استرس والدگری در والدین آنها نیز کاهش می یابد.
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive discipline with Adler-Dreikurs Approach on parenting stress in mothers of students with specific learning disabilities. The design of this study is experimental with pre-test- post-test- follow up and control group. The statistical population of the present research includes all mothers of the 3rd to 6th grade elementary students with learning disabilities in Tehran's 3rd district in 2017-2018 academic year, among whom 32 mothers were selected as research sample by random sampling method and assigned to experimental and control group randomly. Intervention group received Positive discipline training for eight weeks (one 2-hour session per week). Control group received none. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire, and Parental Stress Index, Short Form were used for gathering the data. Results of the mixed variance analysis showed significant reduction in mothers' parenting stress score of the experimental group in post-test and follow up (P< 0/001). The manner of the effect of Positive discipline with Adler-Dreikurs Approach on parenting stress in mothers of students with specific learning disabilities was discussed.
Abidin, R. R. (1990). The Parenting Stress Index (Rev. ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behaviour. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 407-412.
Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index. Third Edition: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Alazemi, S. S., Hadadian, A., Merbler, J. B. & Wang, C. (2015). Stress levels of kuwaiti mothers of children with SLD: does work and educational status matter? International Journal of Special Education, 30 (1), 120-131.
Alizadeh, H. And Sajjadi, H. (2009). Rudolf Dreikurs: Democratic Relations and Mutual Respect. Tehran: Danjeh. (In Persian)
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
Amiri, M. (2014). The effect of mothers' education with Adler- Dreikurs approach on positive and negative symptoms in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Master's thesis, unpublished, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh-Tabatabai University. (In Persian)
Ansbacher, H. L. (1991). The concept of social interest. Individual Psychology, 47(1), 28-46.
Behrad B. (2006). Prevalence of learning disabilities in Iranian primary students: A meta- analysis. Journal of Exceptional Children, 5 (4), 417-436. (In Persian)
Borjali, M., Alizadeh, H., Ahadi, H., Farrokhi, N., Sohrabi, F., & Mohamadhi, M. (2014). A comparative study on three therapeutic programs Including parent encouraging training, Behavioral Training and pharmacotherapy for increasing self-control among children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Clinical Psychology Studies, 4 (16), 153-175. (In Persian)
Chang, M., & Hsu, L. (2007). The perceptions of Taiwanese families who have children with learning disability. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 2349-2356.
Chang, M., & McConkey, R. (2008). The perception and experiences of Taiwanese parents who have children with an intellectual disability. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 55, 27-41.
Dayton, J. (2005). Student perception of behaviour management systems. A thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of teaching degree of the graduate school at Rowan University.
Deater-Deckard, K. (2004). Parenting stress. NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dinkmeyer, D., & McKay, G. D. (2008). The parent's handbook: Systematic training for effective parenting. American Guidance Service, 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, MN 55014.
Díaz-Herrero, Á., López-Pina, J. A., Pérez-López, J., de la Nuez, A. G. B., & Martínez-Fuentes, M. T. (2011). Validity of the parenting stress index-short form in a sample of Spanish fathers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14 (2), 990- 997.
Dreikurs, R. & Soltz, V. (1991). Children: The Challenge: The Classic Work on Improving Parent-Child Relations--Intelligent, Humane & Eminently Practical. New York, NY: Plume.
Dreikurs, R., & Grey, L. (1992). Discipline without tears. New York, NY: Penguin-NAL.
Esmaeilinasab, M., Alizadeh, H., Ahadi, H., Delawar, A., Eskandari, H. (2012). A comparative study on effectiveness of tow Adlerian-Dreikursian and Barkley‘s parent training methods on the improvement of family environment in families of children with conduct disorder. Clinical Psychology Studies, 1(4), 42-70. (In Persian)
Evans, T. (1989). The art of encouragement. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Center for Continuing Education.
Fadaei, Z., Dehghani, M., Tahmasian, K. & Farhadei, M. (2010). Investigating reliability, validity and factor structure of parenting stress- short form in mothers of 7-12 year-old children. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 8 (2), 81-91. (In Persian)
Fauth, R. C., Platt, L. & Parsons, S. (2017). The development of behaviour problems among disabled and non-disabled children in England. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 52, 46-58.
Gholami, M., Najafi Fard, T., Abbasi, S. & Yousefi, S. (2017). Adlerian and Dreikurs approach to reading disabilities. Exceptional Education, 5 (148), 21-26. (In Persian)
Gray, D.E. (2003), Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science and Medicine, 56(3), 631-642.
Gupta, V. (2011). How hindus cope with disability. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 15 (1), 72-77.
Gutierrez, S. (2016). A comparison of two parent education programs on the reduction of parent-child stress in mother-child relationships of Hispanic migrant farmworkers. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 4 (1), 11-16.
Hajloo, N., & Rezaei sharif, A. (2012). Psychometric properties of colorado learning difficulties questionnaire (CLDQ). Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1 (1), 24-43. (In Persian)
Hall, H. R., & Graff, J. C. (2011). The relationships among adaptive behaviours of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Issues in Comprehensive Paediatric Nursing, 34, 4–25.
Hariri, P. (2011). Adler-based parental education in Icors on improving parenting styles. Master's thesis, unpublished, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University. (In Persian)
Hassall, R., Rose, J. & McDonald, J. (2005) Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: The effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 405-418.
Hsiao, Y. J. (2018). Parental Stress in Families of Children with Disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 53 (4), 201-205.
Kamaruddinm, K., Abdullah, C. A., & Idris, M. N. (2016). Parental stress in parents of children with learning disabilities: A limited demographic factors. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6 (75), 24-29.
Kaveh, M. & Keramati, H. The impact of resilience fostering program on parenting stress, marital satisfaction and resiliency of children with learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 6(3), 69-91. (In Persian)
Lopez, V. (2008). Parental Stress and Coping in Families of Children with and Without Developmental Delays. Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2 (14), 99-104.
Mohammady Far, M.A., Besharat, M.A., Ghasemi, M. & Najaphy, M. (2007). The study of the prevalence rate and diversity of specific learning disabilities in students of primary school of Shiraz city. Educational Psychology, 3 (9), 22–46. (In Persian)
Moideen, N. & Mathai, S. M. (2018). Parental stress of Mothers of Children with Learning Disabilities. International Refereed Research Journal, IX (2), 67-75.
Moinalghorabaie, F., Islam, M., & Fadaee, M. (2015). Prevalence of learning disabilities among primary school students in north khorasan province. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5 (1), 101-124. (In Persian)
Moradi, Z. (2012). Evaluation of the effectiveness of mothers' education with Adlerian-Dreikurs approach to reducing the symptoms of coping disorder. Master's thesis, unpublished, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University. (In Persian)
Nateghi, F. (2017). Teaching positive discipline to mothers and examining its impact on the parent-child relationship and the social interest of adolescent girls. Master's thesis, unpublished, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University. (In Persian)
Nelson, j., Erwin, c. & Duffy, R. A. (2007). Positive Discipline for Pre-schoolers: For Their Early Years--Raising Children Who are Responsible, Respectful, and Resourceful. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Nelson, J., Lott, L., & Glenn, S. (2007). Positive Discipline A-Z: 1001 Solutions to Everyday Parenting Problems. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Newlon, B. J., Borboa, R. & Arciniega, M. (2006). The effects of Adlerian parent study groups upon Mexican mothers' perception of child behaviour. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice, 42 (1), 107-113.
Oelofsen, N., & Richardson, P. (2006). Sense of coherence and parenting stress in mothers and fathers of preschool children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual and developmental Disability, 31 (1), 1-12.
Peshotan Bhavnagri, N. (1999). Low income African American mothers' parenting stress and instructional strategies to promote peer relationships in preschool children. Early Education and Development, 10 (4), 551-571.
Positive Discipline Association. (n. d.). What is Positive Discipline? Retrieved from: https://www.positivediscipline.org/about-positive-discipline.
Rahbar Karbasdehi, F., Abolghasemi, A., Hossein Khanzadeh, A., Zebardast, A., & Rahbar Karbasdehi. E. (2017). The Effect of cognitive- behavior social skills training on response inhibition and behavioral- emotional problems in students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exceptional Education, 7, 83-83. (Persian)
Rahimian Boogar, I., & Habibi, M. (2012). Sensitivity, specificity and cutoff Point of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-revised in diagnosis of learning disorders. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18 (3), 195-201. (In Persian)
Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., & Stickle, T. R. (2002). A critical evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31 (3), 384-392.
Sarita, S. (2015). Academic stress among students: Role and responsibilities of parents. International Journal of Applied Research, 1 (10), 385-388.
Sarvari, Z. (2008). The effectiveness of STEP (step-by-step) parenting training based on the Adlerian-Dreikurs approach to improving mother-child interaction in children with behavioral disorders. Master Thesis in Counselling. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University. (In Persian)
Seife Naraghi, M. & Naderi, A. (2016). Psychology and education of exceptional children. Tehran: Arasbaran Publications, 123-41. (In Persian)
Shahim, S. (2006). Wechsler Intelligence Revised Scale for Children, Guidelines and Norms. Fourth edition. Shiraz: Shiraz University Press. (In Persian)
Sharifi, A. A., & Davari, R. (2012). Prevalence of learning disabilities in first and second grade students of elementary school in Chaharmahal Va bakhtiari Province. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1 (2), 63-76. (In Persian)
Shirzadi, P., Framarzi, S., Ghasemi, M. & Shafiee, M. (2015). Investigating validity and reliability of Parenting Stress Index – short form among fathers of normal child under 7 years old. Rooyesh Psychology, 3 (4), 91-110. (In Persian)
West, E. M. (2016). Parents’ perceptions of young children’s social interest experiences: an interpretive description. A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Whitney, R., & Smith, G. (2014). Emotional disclosure through journal writing: Telehealth intervention for maternal stress and mother-child relationships. Journal of Autism and developmental disorders, 45 (11), 3735-3745.
Willcutt, E.G., Boada, R., Riddle, M.W., Chhabildas, N., DeFries, J.C., & Pennington, B. F. (2011). Colorado learning difficulties questionnaire: Validation of a parent.peport screening measure. Psychological Assessment, 3, 778–791.
_||_