مقایسه دو نوع روش آموزشی تمرین و بازی هدفمند بر یادگیری مهارت های حرکتی با تاکید بر ایده اختصاصی سازی و تنوع بخشی آموزشی
مهدی فهیمی
1
(
گروه علوم ورزشی دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه قم قم ایران
)
خلیل علوی
2
(
گروه علوم ورزشی دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه قم قم ایران
)
کلید واژه: روش آموزشی, تمرین هدفمند, بازی هدفمند, تخصصی سازی, تنوع بخشی, مهارت های حرکتی,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: در این پژوهش به بررسی تاثیر تمرین هدفمند فوتبال، والیبال و بسکتبال و بازی هدفمند بر یادگیری مهارت های حرکتی منتخب سه رشته با تاکید بر ایده اختصاصی سازی و تنوع بخشی ورزشی در پسران 10 الی 12 ساله پرداخته شد.
مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش از نوع نیمه تجربی، کاربردی و با چهار گروه آزمایشی بود. تعداد 120 نفر از دانش آموزان کلاس چهارم و پنجم ابتدایی که به صورت تصادفی در چهار گروه تمرین هدفمند والیبال، تمرین هدفمند فوتبال، تمرین هدفمند بسکتبال و بازی هدفمند قرار گرفتند. از شرکت کنندگان پیش آزمون مهارت های ورزشی ایفرد فوتبال، والیبال و بسکتبال گرفته شد و سپس شرکت کنندگان در هر گروه به اجرای برنامه های خود به مدت 16 هفته و 3 جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه 90 دقیقه پرداختند.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که در مقایسه چهار گروه، گروه بازی هدفمند نسبت به سه گروه دیگر موجب رشد بیشتر مهارت های حرکتی می شود(P<0/05). گروه تمرین هدفمند والیبال موجب بهبود مهارت های دریبل فوتبال و دریبل و حرکت پای دفاعی بسکتبال شد. همچنین گروه تمرین هدفمند فوتبال موجب بهبود مهارت های دریبل و حرکت پای دفاعی بسکتبال شد. اما گروه بسکتبال تنها موجب بهبود مهارت های حرکتی بسکتبال شد.
نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان دادند که مشارکت متنوع در تعدادی از ورزش ها در طول مراحل اولیه رشد، می تواند موجب تسهیل در رشد انگیزه درونی و ایجاد محیطی غنی برای رشد مهارت های حرکتی، شناختی و فیزیولوژیکی عمومی در ورزشکاران گردد.
چکیده انگلیسی :
Introduction: In this research, the effect of deliberate practice of football, volleyball and basketball and deliberate games on the learning of selected movement skills of three disciplines was investigated, with emphasis on the idea of specialization and diversification of sports in 10-12-year-old boys.
Materials and methods: This research was semi-experimental, applied with four experimental groups. 120 fourth and fifth grade students who were randomly placed in four groups of targeted volleyball training, targeted soccer training, targeted basketball training and targeted game. The pre-test of football, volleyball and basketball skills was taken from the participants, and then the participants in each group performed their programs for 16 weeks and 3 sessions per week, each session lasting 90 minutes.
Findings: The results showed that in the comparison of four groups, the purposeful game group leads to the growth of motor skills more than the other three groups (P<0.05). The targeted volleyball training group improved soccer dribbling and basketball defensive footwork and dribbling skills. Also, the targeted football training group improved dribbling skills and defensive foot movement in basketball. But the basketball group only improved basketball movement skills.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that diverse participation in a number of sports during the early stages of development can facilitate the growth of internal motivation and create a rich environment for the development of movement, cognitive and general physiological skills in athletes. In total the types games for learning motor skills are emphasised.
1. Abernethy, B., Baker, J., & Cote, J. (2015). Transfer of pattern recall skills may contribute to the development of sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 705–718.
2. Baker, J. (2003). Early specialization in youth sport: A requirement for adult expertise? High Ability Studies, 14, 85–94.
3. Baker, J., & Cote, J. (2023). Shifting training requirements during athlete development: The relationship among deliberate practice, deliberate play and other sport involvement in the acquisition of sport expertise. In D. Hackfort and G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Essential processes for attaining peak performance (pp. 93–110). Aachen: Meyer and Meyer.
4. Baker, J., Cote, J., & Deakin, J. (2015). Expertise in ultra-endurance triathletes early sport involvement, training structure, and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 64e78.
5. Balish, S., & Cote, J. (2023). The influence of community on athletic development: an integrated case study. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6(1), 1e23. .
6. Balyi, I., & Hamilton, A. (2014). Long-term athlete development: Trainability in childhood and adolescence. Windows of opportunity, optimal trainability. Victoria: National Coaching Institute British Columbia & Advanced Training and Performance, Ltd.
7. Barreiros. A. Fonseca. A. (2022) A Retrospective Analysis of Portuguese Elite Athletes’ Involvement in International Competitions International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching Volume 7 · Number 3 ·pp 593
8. Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Maffulli, N., & Mirwald, R.L. (2023). Does elite competition inhibit growth and delay maturation in some gymnasts? Probably not. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15, 373–382.
9. Brian, H. Wrotniak (2016) relationship between motor proficiency & physical activity in children – vol 118, no 6, pp 1758 – 1765
10. Cobley, S., & Baker, J. (2015). Developing elite rugby players: Sport specific practice and involvement in other sports. In Proceedings of the 2005 World Congress of Sport Psychology, Sydney, Australia.
11. Cote, J., & Erickson, K. (2015). Diversification and deliberate play during the sampling years. In J. Baker, & D. Farrow (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sport expertise (pp. 305e316). London: Routledge.
12. Cote, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2017). Youth involvement in sport. In P.R.E. Crocker (Ed.) Sport psychology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 266–294). Toronto: Pearson.
13. Cote, J., Erickson, K., & Abernethy, B. (2023). Play and practice during childhood. In J. Cote, & R. Lidor (Eds.), Conditions of children's talent development in sport (pp. 9e20). Morgantown, WV: FIT.
14. Coutinho, P., Mesquita, I., Daids, K., Fonseca, A. M., & Cote, J. (2016). How structured and unstructured sport activities aid the development of expertise in volleyball players Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Volume 25, Pages 51–59
15. Davids, K., Shuttleworth, R., Araújo, D., & Gullich, A. (2016). Understanding environmental and task constraints on athlete development: analysis of microstructure of practice and macro-structure of development histories. In J. Baker, S. Cobley, J. Schorer, & N. Wattie (Eds.), Routledge handbook of talent identification and development in sport. London: Routledge (in press).
16. Ericsson, K. A. (2023). Training history, deliberate practice and elite sports performance: an analysis in response to Tucker and Collins review e what makes champions? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(9), 533e535.
17. Faber, I., Oosterveld, F., Van der Sanden, R N. (2023) A first step to an evidence-based talent identification program in the Netherlands; a research proposal The 12th ITTF Sports Science Congress May 5-7, 2011, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
18. Ford, P., Hodges, N., & Williams, A. M. (2023). Creating champions: the development of expertise in sport. In S. B. Kaufman (Ed.), The complexity of greatness: Beyond talent or practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Ford, P., Yates, I., & Williams, A. M. (2020). An analysis of practice activities and instructional behaviors used by youth soccer coaches during practice: exploring the link between science and application. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(5), 483e495.
20. Forsman, H., Blompvist, M., Davids, K., Konttinen, N., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). The role of sport-specific play and practice during childhood in the development of adolescent Finnish team sport athletes. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 11(1), 69e77.
21. Fransen, J., Pion, J., Vandendriessche, J., Vandorpe, B., Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R M. (2022) Differences in physical fitness and gross motor coordination in boys aged 6–12 years specializing in one versus sampling more than one sport. Journal of sports sciences, volume 30, issue 4, Pages 379-386
22. Haugaasen, M., Toering, T., Jordet, G. (2014) from childhood to senior professional football: A multi-level approach to elite youth football players’ engagement in football-specific activities. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 15, Issue 4, Pages 336–344
23. Hendry, D.T., Crocker. R.E. Hodges., N.J. (2014). Practice and play as determinants of self-determined motivation in youth soccer players. Journal of sport sciences, volume 32, issue 11, pages 1091-1099
24. Leite, N., & Sampaio, J. (2022). Long-term athletic development across different age groups and gender from Portuguese basketball players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(2), 285e300.
25. Leite, N., Baker, J., & Sampaio, J. (2019). Paths to expertise in Portuguese national team athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8(4), 560e566.
26. Maffulli, N., Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., & Grieve, A. (2015). Long term sport involvement and sport injury rate in elite young athletes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 525–527.
27. Memmert, D., Baker, J., & Bertsch, C. (2020). Play and practice in the development of sport-specific creativity in team ball sports. High Ability Studies, 21(1), 3e18.
28. Perzynska, A., Sawczyn, A., (2020). The Value of Education and Work in the Representatives of Gymnasts’ Opinion BALTIC JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk, Volume 2, No 2, 144-149
29. Pesce, C., Masci, L., Marchetti, R., Vazou, S., Sääkslahti, A., D. Tomporowski, P., (2016). Deliberate Play and Preparation Jointly Benefit Motor and Cognitive Development: Mediated and Moderated Effects. Front Psychol; 7: 349.
30. Roca, A., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. (2022). Developmental activities and the acquisition of anticipation and decision making in soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1643e1652.
31. Schorer, J., Rienhoff, R., Fischer, L., Overbeck, I., Weiss, C., & Baker, J. (2015). Hastening the acquisition of perceptual skill in volleyball players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 46(6), 608e629.
32. Smeeton, N.J., Ward, P., & Williams, M. (2014). Do pattern recognition skills transfer across sports? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 22, 205–213.
33. Sterkowicz, S., Julio, U F., Takito, M Y., mazzei, L., miarka, B., franchini, E. (2021). Tracking 10-year competitive winning performance of judo athletes across age groups. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 1, 139-149
34. Tucker, R., & Collins, M. (2022). What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 555e561.
35. Vink, K., Raudsepp, L., Kais, K., (2015) intrinsic motivation and individual deliberate practice are reciprocally related: Evidence from a longitudinal study of adolescent team sport athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 16, Part 3, Pages 1–6
36. Wood, E. (2023). Play, leaning and the early childhood curriculum. London: SAGE.