راهکارهای مديريت خطر تروريسم زيست‌محيطی با محوريت پيشگيري در پرتو حقوق بين‌الملل
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیستبهروز سپهری 1 , نوروز کارگری 2 , محمد آشوری 3 , قاسم قاسمی 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار، گروه حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. (مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استاد، گروه حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
4 - استادیار، گروه حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: تروریسم زیست‌محیطی, پیشگیری, محیط زیست, حقوق بین‌الملل, مديريت خطر.,
چکیده مقاله :
وابستگی و ارتباط گریزناپذیر، گسترده و مستمر موجودات زنده با محیط زیست، در کنار سهولت در سرایت و مرزگذر بودن آثار خسارت‌بار اقدامات مخرب زیست‌محیطی، موجب افزایش خطر آسیب‌پذیری جدی انسانها در صورت هدف یا ابزار قرار گرفتن محیط زیست، توسط گروه‌های تروریستی می‌شود، به گونه‌ای که ممکن است، در اثر تروریسم زیست‌محیطی، حیات و سلامتی طیف گسترده‌ای از جوامع بشری دچار آسیب جبران‌ناپذیری شود و خسارت گسترده‌ای را به دنبال داشته باشد، به همین خاطر جهت مبارزه با تروریسم زیست‌محیطی و کنترل خطرات ناشی از آسیب‌های اینگونه تروریسم، صرف جرم‌انگاری و تعیین مجازات قانونی برای مرتکبین، کفایت نمی‌کند، بلکه لازم است، تدابیر پیشگیرانه‌ی جامع و جهان‌شمولی اندیشیده شود، تا در حد امکان از خطرات هولناک تروریسم زیست محیطی جلوگیری بعمل آید، از این رو با نظر به هنجارهای بین‌المللی، تدابیر مؤثر در پیشگیری از تروریسم زیست‌محیطی مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرند. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و به صورت اسنادی از طریق بهره‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و الکترونیکی اعم از کتاب، مقاله، پایان‌نامه، مقررات و اسناد بین‌المللی به زبان‌های فارسی و انگلیسی موجود، صورت پذیرفته است. هنجارهای بازدارنده در پيشگيری از تروريسم زيست محيطی در اسناد بين‌المللی، در قالب تدابیری نظیر ممنوعيت پشتيبانی از تروريسم، هنجارهای مربوط به حقوق بشردوستانه، مهار توسعه‌ی سلاح‌های کشتارجمعی، هنجارهای مربوط به حمايت از محيط زيست، تدابیر لازم در حفاظت از نباتات و سایر نیازهای اولیه و همچنین با فرض وقوع رفتارهای تروریستی، حمایت از بزهدیدگان و اعاده‌ی وضع به حال سابق پرتو عدالت انتقالي، در شمار تدابیری هستند که به نوبه‌ی خود در پیشگیری و یا تعدیل خطرات ناشی از تروریسم زیست‌محیطی، تأثیرگذار خواهند بود. اسناد و هنجارهای بین‌المللی حاکی از آن است که تجربیات حاصل از رویدادهای تاریخی موجب شده جوامع بین‌المللی، خطرات هولناک تروریسم زیست‌محیطی را درک کنند و تدابیری هر چند ناقص، در پیشگیری از وقوع و یا خنثی‌سازی آثار اینگونه تروریسم پیش‌بینی نمایند.
The inescapable dependence and connection of living organisms with the environment, along with the ease of contagion and the cross-border nature of the harmful effects of destructive environmental actions, increases the risk of serious vulnerability of humans if the environment becomes a target or tool by terrorist groups. Such a way that it is possible, as a result of environmental terrorism, the life and health of a wide range of human societies may suffer irreparable injuries and cause extensive damages. For this reason, in order to fight against environmental terrorism and control the risks its injuries, it is not enough to criminalize and determine the legal punishment for the perpetrators, but it is necessary to think of comprehensive and universal preventive measures. In order to avoid the terrible dangers of environmental terrorism as much as possible, must considering the international norms, measures to prevent environmental terrorism be foreseen. The present research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the form of citations through the use of library and electronic resources including books, articles, dissertations, regulations and international documents in Persian and English languages. Deterrent norms in the prevention of environmental terrorism in international documents, in the form of measures such as the prohibition of supporting terrorism, norms related to humanitarian rights, curbing the development of weapons of mass destruction, norms related to environmental protection, necessary measures to protect agricultural products and other basic needs. And also assuming the occurrence of terrorist behaviors, supporting the victims and restoring the previous situation under the light of transitional justice, they are among the measures that will be effective in preventing or mitigating the risks caused by environmental terrorism. International documents and norms indicate that the experiences of historical events have made the international communities understand the terrible dangers of environmental terrorism and predict measures, albeit incomplete, to prevent the occurrence or neutralize the effects of such terrorism.
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