فیزیولوژی تنش شوری در گندم: مقاله مروری
محورهای موضوعی : زراعت
عادل مدحج
1
(گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، واحد شوشتر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شوشتر ، ایران)
کلید واژه: تحمل به تنش, شوری, آنزیم‌ها, تنش یونی,
چکیده مقاله :
تنش شوری یکی از تنشهای مهم اثرگذار بر جوانهزنی، رشد، تولید و ویژگی‌های کیفی گندم به شمار می‌رود. محققان تنش شوری را تجمع یون‌هایی نظیر سدیم، سولفات و کلر در محیط ریزوسفر بیان نموده‌اند به نحوی که موجب اختلال در رشد طبیعی گیاه شود. تنش شوری از طریق کاهش فشار آماس سلول، ممانعت از انجام وظایف غشاء‌ها، اثر بر فعالیت آنزیم‌ها، ممانعت از فتوسنتز و القای کمبود یون در اثر کاهش انتقال یون‌ها و دیگر فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیکی موجب کاهش رشد، شاخص سطح برگ، زیست توده و عملکرد دانه در گندم می‌شود. ارقام گندم واکنش‌های متفاوت به شوری خاک و آب نشان می‌دهند و میزان تمحل ارقام گندم به شوری با برخی ویژگی‌های فزیولوژیکی مرتبط است. افزایش تحمل به شوری در ارقام گندم نان با کاهش غلظت سدیم در گیاه و همچنین کاهش نسبت عنصر سدیم به پتاسیم در برگ‌ها مرتبط است. جداسازی سدیم در برگ‌ها و ترجیحا" پتاسیم، به وجود ژنومD در گندم‌های هگزاپلوئید مربوط می‌شود. بطورکلی، آگاهی از واکنش‌های فیزیولوژیکی به ویژه در ژنوتیپهای متحمل به شوری یاری‌گر اصلاح گران نبات برای تولید ژنوتیپهای متحمل به شوری است. این تحقیق به مطالعه اثر تنش شوری بر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی و رشد و نمو گندم پرداخته است.
Salinity stress is one of the important stresses affecting germination, growth, production and quality characteristics of wheat. Researchers have described salt stress as the accumulation of ions such as sodium, sulfate, and chlorine in the rhizosphere environment in a way that disrupts the natural growth of plants. Salinity stress through reducing the cell pressure, inhibition the functioning of membranes, affecting the activity of enzymes, inhibiting photosynthesis and inducing ion deficiency due to the reduction of ion transport and other physiological processes causes a decrease in growth, leaf area index, biomass and grain yield. Wheat cultivars show different reactions to soil and water salinity. Increasing tolerance to salinity in bread wheat cultivars is related to a decrease in sodium concentration in the plant and also a decrease in the sodium to potassium ratio in the leaves. Separation of sodium in leaves and preferably potassium is related to the presence of D genome in hexaploid wheats. In general, investigating physiological reactions, especially in salinity tolerant genotypes, is helpful for plant breeders to release salinity tolerant genotypes. This research is to study the effect of salinity stress on some characteristics Physiological and growth of wheat has been discussed.
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