ارزیابی پتانسیل خطر اکولوژیک و منشاء یابی فلزات سنگین سرب، آرسنیک، کادمیوم و روی درآب و رسوبات سطحی رودخانه قشلاق سنندج
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیستفرانک فقیری 1 , دلنیا حاجی احمدی 2 , جمیل امان اللهی 3 , فرشید قربانی 4
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، کردستان، ایران .
2 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، کردستان، ایران .
3 - استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، کردستان، ایران.
4 - استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، کردستان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: منشاءیابی فلزات سنگین, ارزیابی خطر اکولوژیک, عامل غنیشدگی, آنالیز چند متغیره, رودخانه قشلاق,
چکیده مقاله :
چکیده زمینه و هدف: فلزات سنگین به علت سمیت، ماندگاری در شرایط طبیعی، قابلیت ورود و تجمع در زنجیرهی غذایی به عنوان آلودهکنندههای جدی تلقی میشوند. بنابراین مطالعه پیش رو به منظور ارزیابی پتانسیل خطر اکولوژیک و منشاءیابی فلزات سنگین سرب، آرسنیک، کادمیوم و روی درآب و رسوبات سطحی رودخانه قشلاق سنندج انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: به این منظور در این پایش 16 نمونه از آب و رسوبات سطحی رودخانه قشلاق جمعآوری شد. سپس نمونهها برای تعیین غلظت عناصر آرسنیک، سرب، کادمیوم و روی با روش طیف سنجی جذب اتمی مورد سنجش قرارگرفتند. هم چنین از شاخص پتانسیل خطر اکولوژیک [1](PERI) و شاخص غنیشدگی [2](EF) جهت ارزیابی خطر اکولوژیک و از شاخص آلودگی فلزات سنگین [3](HPI) جهت بررسی اثر عناصرسنگین بر سلامت انسان استفاده شد. آنالیز چند متغیره مانند آنالیز هم بستگی و آنالیز مؤلفههای اصلی [4](PCA)وشاخص غنیشدگی جهت شناسایی پتانسیل منابع انسانی آرسنیک، سرب، کادمیم و روی در رودخانه قشلاق مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت یک گروه از عناصر شامل Pb، Cd و Zn بیش تر از مقادیر زمینه بودند، درصورتی که میانگین غلظت As به طور قابل ملاحظهای کمتر از مقادیر زمینه بود. عامل غنیشدگی فلزات سنگین مورد مطالعه در رودخانه قشلاق به صورت Pb> Zn> Cd> As به دست آمد. از سویی، نتایج به دست آمده از شاخص پتانسیل خطر اکولوژیک (PERI) درجه خطر کم را برای فلزات Pb، As و Zn نشان داد اما فلز Cd برای نقاط نمونه ای تحت تاثیر تردد جاده ای دارای خطر اکولوژیک متوسط بود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: . براساس نتایج حاصل از عامل غنیشدگی، آنالیز هم بستگی و آنالیز مؤلفههای اصلی میتوان گفت که میزان غلظت As بیش تر تحت تاثیر ساختار زمینشناسی منطقه (لیتوژنیک) بوده است. غلظت Pb و Cd در چهار منطقه نمونه برداری به طور یکسان تحت تاثیر کشاورزی و تردد جاده ای بوده است. هم چنین مشخص شد که غلظت Zn تحت تاثیر فاضلابهای مسکونی قرار دارد.
Abstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk and identify the source of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in the surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj. Method: For this purpose, 16 samples of surface water and sediment were collected. Then, concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, potential ecological risk index (PERI) and enrichment factor (EF) were utilized to assess the ecological risk, and heavy metals pollution index (HPI) was used to survey the effects of heavy metals on human health. Multivariate analyses such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and EF were used to identify human resource potential of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc. Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of a group of elements, including Pb, Cd and Zn, was higher than background levels, whereas average concentration of As was significantly lower than the background levels. Enrichment of the studied heavy metals was obtained as Pb> Zn> Cd> As in Gheshlagh river. The results of PERI showed a low risk for Pb, As and Zn and a moderate risk for Cd in the samples under the influence of road traffic. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the results of EF and PCA, it can be concluded that the concentration of As has been mostly affected by the geological structure. Pb and Cd concentrations in four sampling areas were equally affected by agriculture and road traffic. It was also found that the concentration of Zn is influenced by residential wastewater.
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- Horowitz, A. J., Elrick, K. A., 1988. Interpretation of bed sediment trace metal data: methods for dealing with the grain size effect. Chemical and biological characterization of sludges, sediments dredge spoils, and drilling muds. ASTM STP, Vol. 976 , pp. 114-128.
- Yang, L., Shen, J., Zhang, Z., Sun, Q., Yuxin, Z., 2003. Distribution and ecological risk assessment for heavy metals in superficial sediments of Nansihu Lake. Journal of Lake Sciences, Vol. 15 , pp. 252-256.
- Yang, Y., Chen, F., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Wu, S., Kang, M., 2012. Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment of the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent shelf.Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 64(9) ,pp. 1947-1955.
- Staley, C., Johnson, D., Gould, T. J., Wang, P., Phillips, J., Cotner, J. B., Sadowsky, M. J., 2015. Frequencies of heavy metal resistance are associated with land cover type in the upper Mississippi river. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 511 ,pp. 461-468.
- Sundaray, S.K., Nayak, B.B., Lin, S., Bhatta, D., 2011. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments-A case study:Mahanadi basin, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 186(2), pp. 1837-1846.
- Maanan, M., Saddik, M., Maanan, M., Chaibi, M., Assobhei, O., Zourarah, B., 2015. Environmental and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Nador lagoon, Morocco. Ecological Indicators, Vol. 48,pp. 616-626.
- Islam, MS., Ahmed, MK., Raknuzzaman, M., Mamun, MH, Islam, MK., 2015. Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecological Indicators, Vol. 48 ,pp. 282-291.
- Paramasivam, K., Ramasamy, V., Suresh, G., 2015. Impact of sediment characteristics on the heavy metal concentration and their ecological risk level of surface sediments of Vaigai river, Tamilnadu, India. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Vol. 137, pp. 397-40.
- Shi, H., Sun, Y., Zhao, X., Qu, B., 2013. Influence on sorption property of pb by fractal and site energy distribution about sediment of Yellow River. Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 18, pp. 464-471.
- Shanbehzadeh, S., Dastjerdi, M. V., Hassanzadeh, A. and Kiyanizadeh, T., 2013. Investigation of Heavy Metals in water and sediment on Massjed soleymanTembi river before and after of wastewater entrance. scintific research journal of health system research, Vol. 9 (10). )In Persian(
- Majnoni, F., Alipour, H., Hassanpour, M., Banagar, G., Ajorlo, M.,2015. Assessment of Cd, Cr and Pb Pollution in Sediment and Water of Gheshlagh River, Iran, in September 2013. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, Vol. 9 ,pp. 1264- 1270.
- JafariSalim, B., Bidhendi, G. N., Salemi, A., Taheryioun, M. & Ardestani, M., 2009. Water quality assessment of gheshlagh river using water quality indices. Environmental Sciences, Vol.6 (4), 19-28. [InPersian]
- usEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency method study 3050B. Acid digestion of sediments, sludges and soils (revision 2). 1996.
- Huang, P., Li, T.G., Li, A.C., Yu, X. K., Hu, N. J., 2014. Distribution, enrichment and sources of heavy metals in surface sediments of the North Yellow Sea. Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 73, pp. 1-13
- Kartal, Ş., Aydın, Z., Tokalıoğlu, Ş., 2006. Fractionation of metals in street sediment samples by using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and multivariate statistical elucidation of the data. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 132(1) ,pp. 80-89.
- Hakanson, L.,1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach. Water Research, Vol.14(8) ,pp. 975-1001.
- Wang, Y., Yang, L., Kong, L., Liu, E., Wang, L., Zhu, J., 2015. Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongping Lake, Shandong, East China. CATENA, Vol. 125 ,pp.200-205.
- Reza, R., Singh, G., 2010. Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water. Journal of EnvironmentalScience & Technology, Vol. 7(4), pp 785-792.
- Abdullah, E. J., 2013 Evaluation of Surface Water Quality Indices for Heavy Metal s of Diyala River-Iraq Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol. 3 (8), 63-69.
- Jongman, RHG., Ter. Break, CJF., Van Tongeren, OFR., 1987. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Center Fire Agricaltural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen.
- Sakan, S.M., Djordjevic, D.S., Manojlovic, D.D., Predrag, P.S., 2009. Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 90(11), pp. 3382-3390.
- Mohiuddin, K.M., Otomo, K., Ogawa, Y., Shikazono, N., 2012. Seasonal and spatialdistribution of trace elements in the water and sediments of the Tsurumi Riverin Japan. Environmental monitoring and assessment, Vol. 184(1), pp. 265-279.
- Mukai, H., Tanaka, A., Fujii, T., Nakao, M., 1994. Lead isotope ratios of airborne par-ticulate matter as tracers of long-range transport of air pollutants around Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research,Vol. 99, pp. 3717–3726.
- Shikazono, N., Tatewaki, K., Mohiuddin, K.M., Nakano, T., Zakir, H.M., 2012. Sources,spatial variation and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the TamagawaRiver in Central Japan. Environmental geochemistry and health, Vol. 34(1), pp. 13-26.
- Rajaei, Q., Hasanpour, M. and Mehdinejad, M. H., 2012. Heavy Metals Concentration (Zinc, Lead, Chrome and Cadmium) in Water and Sediments of Gorgan Gulf and Estuarine Gorganroud River, Iran. Scintific Research Journal of Health System Research, Vol. 8, 748-756. (InPersian)
- Guo, H., Zhang, Y., Xing, L., Jia, Y., 2012. Spatial variation in arsenic and fluoride concentrations of shallow groundwater from the town of Shahai in the Hetao basin, Inner Mongolia. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 27, pp. 2187-2196.
- Martín, J.A.R., Arias, M.L., Corbí, J.M.G., 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 144(3), pp. 1001-1012.
- Rahman, M. A., Hogan, B., Duncan, E., Doyle, C., Krassoi, R., Rahman, M. M., Naidu, R., Lim, R. P., Maher, W. and Hassler, C., 2014. Toxicity of arsenic species to three freshwater organisms and biotransformation of inorganic arsenic by freshwater phytoplankton (Chlorella sp. CE-35). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 106, 126-135.
- Selvaraj, K., Mohan, V.R., Szefer, P., 2004. Evaluation of metal contaminationin coastal sediments of the Bay of Bengal, India: geochemical and statistical approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 49(3), pp. 174-185.
- Zhou, J., Ma, D., Pan, J., Nie, W., Wu, K., 2008. Application of multivariate statistical approach to identify heavy metal sources in sediment and waters: a case study in Yangzhong, China. Environmental Geology, Vol. 54, pp. 373-380.