واکاوی نظام حقوقی آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی در پرتو تحلیل مبنایی اصول و مفاهیم ناظر بر حقوق هوا و فضا
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
مهتاب اژدری مقدم
1
,
داود هرمیداس باوند
2
,
داریوش کریمی
3
1 - دکتری رشته حقوق محیط زیست ،دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ،واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران. ایران.
2 - استاد دانشگاه حقوق و روابط بین الملل، تهران. ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار دانشکاه آزاد اسلامی دانشگاه علوم و واحد تحقیقات تهران، تهران. ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/12/08
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/04/02
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01
کلید واژه:
آلودگی های زیست محیطی فضا,
نظام حقوقی فضا,
توسعه پایدار,
میراث و منابع مشترک بشریت,
آلودگی ها,
مسئولیت دولت ها,
چکیده مقاله :
حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست با تجلی در عرصه فضا و شناخت جایگاه رفیع آن و با تدوین نظام حقوقی در حال تکامل، سهم انسان و دولت ها در فضای ماوراء جو، سرنوشت زمین و آسمان و آسیب های موجود در لایه های آسمان را بررسی و نظام مند می کند. در این مطالعه به صورت توصیفی و نظری نسبت به تحلیل وضعیت نظام حقوقی آلودگی های زیست محیطی هوا و فضا، اصول حاکم بر فعالیت های فضای خارجی چه در کاوش، اکتشافات و بهره‌برداری و چه در زمینه فعالیت های سلاح اتمی و هسته ای و نظامی و کشتار جمعی در مقابله با استفاده مسالمت آمیز از فضا و جلوگیری از فعالیت های زیانبار و باقی گذاشتن زباله های فضایی و رویکرد ها و اقدامات دولتهای پیشرفته و توسعه یافته و دولتهای در حال توسعه و بررسی عوامل همگرایی و واگرایی و عدالت بین نسلی و فرا نسلی در رویارویی و مسئولیت پذیری برای صدمات فرامرزی و مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولتی در مورد خسارات وارده به خصوص مسئولیت مشترک اما متفاوت دولتها، منافع مشترک بشریت و میراث مشترک و دغدغه مشترک بشریت مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد. بررسی ها حاکی از آنست که با مجموعه ای از اقدامات ساختاری و زیست محیطی در خصوص فضانوردان، سفینه های فضایی و موشک و فضاپیماها و با اشاره به قطعات آنها و اجرام و اجسام پرتاب شده به فضا و همچنین ثبت این موارد در کاوش و بهره‌برداری، ضبط ماهواره و ارتباطات و سنجش از راه دور، با امعان نظر به اصل آزادی حاکم بر قلمرو و فضا در سطوح مختلف ضمن بررسی چالش های پیش رو بر این فرضیه هستیم که نظام حقوقی کنونی توانسته است تمامی خلأ ها را در زمینه آلودگی ها پر کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
International environmental law examines and systematizes the manifestation of space, recognizing its status and formulating the evolving legal system, human and state contributions to the atmosphere, the fate of the earth and the sky, and the damage to the layers of the sky. This study is a descriptive and theoretical study of the status analysis of the legal system of environmental and air pollution, the principles governing outer space activities in exploration, exploration and exploitation, as well as nuclear and nuclear weapons activities. And military and mass destruction in the face of the peaceful use of space and the prevention of harmful activities and the abandonment of space debris and the approaches and actions of advanced and developed governments and developing states and the study of the factors of convergence and divergence and justice between Generation and Trans generational in Responsibility and Responsibility for Trans boundary Injuries and Responsibilities State International on Damages, In particular the Common But Different Responsibilities of Governments, the Common Interest of Humanity and the Common Inheritance and the Concern of Humanity. Investigations indicate that, with a set of structural and environmental measures regarding astronauts, spacecraft and rockets and spacecraft, referring to their components and objects and objects thrown into space, as well as recording these in exploration and exploitation, Satellite recording and communications and remote sensing, in keeping with the principle of freedom over territory and space at various levels, are examining the challenges ahead of the assumption that the current legal system has been able to fill all the gaps in pollution.
منابع و مأخذ:
Koruculasoria, Nicholas Robinson, 2007, Fundamentals of International Environmental Law, translated by Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini, The Legal Foundation of Scale, pp. 95-96.
Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Arghand, Spring, 2013, International Environmental Law, First Edition, Justice Department Publications, pp. 48-49.
Dabiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Seyed Abbas, 2009, Investigating the Principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a View to Sustainable Development, Tehran, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, No. 3, p. 87.
Mousavi, Seyed Fadlallah, 2006, Developments in International Environmental Law Resources, Tehran, Ma'eh Publication, pp118-119.
Pourshabab Amiri, Ali, Kakavand, Zahra, 2015, The Progressive Development of International Space Law Opportunities and Challenges for Spatial Activity Insurance, International Studies Quarterly, No. 49, pp. 95-97.
Klinkard, Heiner, 2006, Space Debris Models and Risk Analysis, UK., Springer in Association with Praxis Publishing Simpson, John A., p89-91.
Case, Alexander, 2007, Environmental Law, Translated by Mohammad Hassan Habibi, Volume Three, Tehran, Tehran University Press, p. 256.
Soghira, Mohsen, 1998, The Transparency of Freedom and the Rule of Governments in International Law, MSc Thesis, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Tehran Azad University Branch, pp. 40-38.
Tayebi, Sobhan, 1396, Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interaction and World Peace, Khorsandi Publications, pp. 186-187.
Ebrahim Gol, Alireza, 2013, International Responsibility of Governments, Text and Description of International Law Commission Articles, Institute for Legal Studies and Research, p. 37.
Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Arghand, Spring, 2013, International Environmental Law, First Edition, Justice Publications, pp. 53-52.
Tayebi, Sobhan, 1986, Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interaction and World Peace, Khorsandi Publications, pp. 189-190.
Tayebi, Sobhan, 1986, Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interaction and World Peace, Khorsandi Publications, pp. 1954-195.
Dabiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Sayed Abbas, 2009, A Study of Principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a View to Sustainable Development, Tehran, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, No. 3, p. 90.
Sadeghi, Morteza, 1986, Commercialization and Commercial Exploitation of the Transatlantic Space from the Perspective of International Law, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Humanities and Law, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch, p. 89- 90.
Ebrahim Gol, Alireza, 2013, International Responsibility of Governments, Text and Description of International Law Commission Articles, Institute for Legal Studies and Research, p. 49.
Tayebi, Sobhan, Shirazian, Shirin, 1977, Introduction to the International Responsibility of Governments for Environmental Damage, Khorsandi Publications, p. 39.
Dabiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Sayed Abbas, Aromat, Faramarz, Barzoui, Hossein, 2009, The Right to Peacefully Use Nuclear Energy from an Environmental Law Viewpoint, Tehran Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, No. 4, pp123-114
Pattan, Bruno, 1993, Satellite Systems Principles and Technologies, USA, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p567.
Namamian, Peyman, Tayebi, Sobhan, Tayebi, Sajjad, 1398, Measuring International Space Law Norms in the Implementation of Criminal Jurisdiction, Journal of Space Science and Technology, Spring 1, No. 38, p. 12.
Gorove Sh,2001, Sovereignty and The Law of Outer Space in International Space Law, Air and Space Law Journal, p211-213.
Gol Roo, Ali Akbar, Shahram Zar Nam, Seyyed Hadi Mahmoodi, Fariba Razipour, 2010, Privatization of Space Activities, First Edition, Aerospace Research: Tehran, p. 228.
Tayebi, Sobhan, Shirazian, Shirin, 1977, Introduction to the International Responsibility of Governments for Environmental Damage, Khorsandi Publications, p. 73.
Nezhendi Manesh, Habibollah, Yousef Babaei, Ismail Yaghoubi, 2011, International Space Law Document Collection, Khorsandi Publications, Tehran, p. 32.
_||_
Koruculasoria, Nicholas Robinson, 2007, Fundamentals of International Environmental Law, translated by Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini, The Legal Foundation of Scale, pp. 95-96.
Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Arghand, Spring, 2013, International Environmental Law, First Edition, Justice Department Publications, pp. 48-49.
Dabiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Seyed Abbas, 2009, Investigating the Principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a View to Sustainable Development, Tehran, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, No. 3, p. 87.
Mousavi, Seyed Fadlallah, 2006, Developments in International Environmental Law Resources, Tehran, Ma'eh Publication, pp118-119.
Pourshabab Amiri, Ali, Kakavand, Zahra, 2015, The Progressive Development of International Space Law Opportunities and Challenges for Spatial Activity Insurance, International Studies Quarterly, No. 49, pp. 95-97.
Klinkard, Heiner, 2006, Space Debris Models and Risk Analysis, UK., Springer in Association with Praxis Publishing Simpson, John A., p89-91.
Case, Alexander, 2007, Environmental Law, Translated by Mohammad Hassan Habibi, Volume Three, Tehran, Tehran University Press, p. 256.
Soghira, Mohsen, 1998, The Transparency of Freedom and the Rule of Governments in International Law, MSc Thesis, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Tehran Azad University Branch, pp. 40-38.
Tayebi, Sobhan, 1396, Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interaction and World Peace, Khorsandi Publications, pp. 186-187.
Ebrahim Gol, Alireza, 2013, International Responsibility of Governments, Text and Description of International Law Commission Articles, Institute for Legal Studies and Research, p. 37.
Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Arghand, Spring, 2013, International Environmental Law, First Edition, Justice Publications, pp. 53-52.
Tayebi, Sobhan, 1986, Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interaction and World Peace, Khorsandi Publications, pp. 189-190.
Tayebi, Sobhan, 1986, Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interaction and World Peace, Khorsandi Publications, pp. 1954-195.
Dabiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Sayed Abbas, 2009, A Study of Principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a View to Sustainable Development, Tehran, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, No. 3, p. 90.
Sadeghi, Morteza, 1986, Commercialization and Commercial Exploitation of the Transatlantic Space from the Perspective of International Law, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Humanities and Law, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch, p. 89- 90.
Ebrahim Gol, Alireza, 2013, International Responsibility of Governments, Text and Description of International Law Commission Articles, Institute for Legal Studies and Research, p. 49.
Tayebi, Sobhan, Shirazian, Shirin, 1977, Introduction to the International Responsibility of Governments for Environmental Damage, Khorsandi Publications, p. 39.
Dabiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Sayed Abbas, Aromat, Faramarz, Barzoui, Hossein, 2009, The Right to Peacefully Use Nuclear Energy from an Environmental Law Viewpoint, Tehran Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, No. 4, pp123-114
Pattan, Bruno, 1993, Satellite Systems Principles and Technologies, USA, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p567.
Namamian, Peyman, Tayebi, Sobhan, Tayebi, Sajjad, 1398, Measuring International Space Law Norms in the Implementation of Criminal Jurisdiction, Journal of Space Science and Technology, Spring 1, No. 38, p. 12.
Gorove Sh,2001, Sovereignty and The Law of Outer Space in International Space Law, Air and Space Law Journal, p211-213.
Gol Roo, Ali Akbar, Shahram Zar Nam, Seyyed Hadi Mahmoodi, Fariba Razipour, 2010, Privatization of Space Activities, First Edition, Aerospace Research: Tehran, p. 228.
Tayebi, Sobhan, Shirazian, Shirin, 1977, Introduction to the International Responsibility of Governments for Environmental Damage, Khorsandi Publications, p. 73.
Nezhendi Manesh, Habibollah, Yousef Babaei, Ismail Yaghoubi, 2011, International Space Law Document Collection, Khorsandi Publications, Tehran, p. 32.
