تحلیل مفاهیم آلودگی و خسارت در حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست

محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست

یلدا خلعتبری ¹ , داوود هرمیداس باوند ² , علی زارع ³ , سید عباس پورهاشمی ⁴

1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استاد مدعو، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران.
3 - استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران.
4 - عضو هیئت علمی و رئیس موسسه تخصصی حقوق بینالملل کانادا (CIFILE) تورنتو، کانادا.

تاریخ دریافت : 1394/06/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/08/08 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/05/01

کلید واژه: مسوولیت بین المللی دولت ها, خسارات زیست محیطی, جبران خسارت, آلودگی زیست محیطی,

چکیده مقاله :

با توجه به گسترش مخاطرات زیست محیطی در جهان و عدم کارایی حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در جلوگیری از ورود خسارات زیست محیطی، یکی از دغدغه های اساسی برای جبران خسارت زیست محیطی، تدوین شاخص های خسارت زیست محیطی است. با وجود این خسارت های فرامرزی زیست محیطی به طور مداوم رخ می دهند و مسایل مربوط به مسوولیت و معاهدات را به وجود می آورند. با توجه به ماده 38 اساس نامه دیوان بین المللی دادگستری، معاهدات بین المللی یکی از مهم ترین منابع حقوق بین الملل به شمار می آید و با عنایت به این که تصویب بیش از یک هزار معاهده و قرارداد دو یا چند جانبه در حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست و معاهدات بین المللی نقش مهمی در توسعه محتوایی و ماهوی این رشته حقوقی داشته است، این پژوهش با رویکردی توصیفی- تحلیلی در تلاش است تا با بررسی و تحلیل معاهدات بین المللی زیست محیطی امکان تدوین شاخص های خسارت زیست محیطی را بیان نماید. تدوین شاخص های خسارت زیست محیطی، علاوه بر جلوگیری و پیش گیری از وقوع آلودگی های زیست محیطی، به احراز مسوولیت بین المللی دولت ها در وقوع خسارات زیست محیطی کمک شایانی می نماید، لذا بررسی و تحلیل امکان تدوین شاخص های خسارات زیست محیطی در معاهدات بین المللی برای اثبات مسوولیت بین المللی دولت ها ضروری و اجتناب ناپذیر است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international treatises are an important source of international law. Moreover, more than a thousand of bilateral or multilateral treatises and agreements on international environmental law show the place of the international treatise in international environmental law system. In this context, developing the indicators of environmental damages, in addition to prevent the environmental pollutions aims to establish the international responsibility in the environmental damages. Therefore, this study tries to analyze the possibility of developing indicators of environmental damage in international treatise, which is Important to improve the state's international responsibility in environmental damage cases.

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