بررسی عملکرد خرد اقلیمی حیاط مرکزی در اقلیم تهران (نمونه موردی: حوزه علمیه معمارباشی)
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازیزهرا زمانی 1 , شاهین حیدری 2 , پیروز حناچی 3
1 - استادیار، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران. (مسئول مکاتبات)
2 - استاد، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران.
3 - استاد، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران.
کلید واژه: عملکرد حرارتی بنا, خرد اقلیم, حیاط مرکزی, انویمت,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف:شرایط اقلیمی فضای خارج از ساختمان بر عملکرد حرارتی فضای داخل ساختمان تاثیر گذار است، به این ترتیب می توان با ایجاد خرد اقلیم در مجاورت بنا، عملکرد حرارتی بنا را بهبود بخشید. یکی از راهکارهای ایجاد خرد اقلیم در اقلیم گرم و خشک، کاهش تابش مستقیم آفتاب در فصل گرم است. از این رو هدف پژوهش حاضر مطالعه دقیق عملکرد خرد اقلیمی حیاط مرکزی در اقلیم تهران می باشد. در پژوهش حاضر علاوه بر مقایسه دمای داخلی حیاط و دمای خارج، تاثیر آب و گیاه بر ایجاد خرد اقلیم مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت.روش تحقیق: روش تحقیق ترکیبی ازمطالعه نمونه های موردی، برداشت میدانی و شبیه سازی است.یافته ها: طبق اندازه‌گیری‌های به دست آمده از چهار جهت حیاط مورد بررسی و مقایسه آن با دمای داخل کوچه و میانگین دمای ثبت شده در ایستگاه هواشناسی مهر آباد در همان ساعات برداشت، میانگین دمای حیاط 4.52 درجه سانتیگراد پایین تر از دمای کوچه و 4.01 درجه از دمای ایستگاه هواشناسی پایین تر است. نتایج حاصل از برداشت در فصل سرد نشان می دهد: دمای حیاط 0.9 درجه از دمای خارج از حیاط و 1.4 درجه از از میانگین دمای ایستگاه هواشناسی مهرآباد گرمتر بوده است. همچنین رطوبت نسبی داخل حِیاط به ویژه در مجاورت حوض آب و درختان بیشتر از فضای خارج از حیاط می باشد. به این ترتیب حیاط حوزه علمیه معمارباشی همچون یک خرد اقلیم عملکرده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد: حیاط با پوشش گیاهی در فصل گرم، نسبت به حیاط با عنصر آب 0.9 درجه خنک تر بوده است.بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از شبیه سازی، عملکرد خرد اقلیمی حیاط مرکزی حوزه علمیه معمار باشی تایید شد. همچنین پوشش گیاهی، عملکرد خرد اقلیمی حیاط را بیشتر از عنصر آب بهبود بخشید.
Background and Objective: Since modifying the outdoor condition has an impact on the indoor conditions, the objective of the present research is to study the central courtyard as a passive solar strategy to create microclimate on a scale of an urban block in Tehran climate. By creating microclimate in the vicinity of the building, its thermal performance could be thus enhanced. In addition to comparing temperature in the courtyard with that of the outside the building, this research also studied the influence of water and plants in forming microclimate. Method: Analysis method is composed of investigating case studies, field measurements and simulation. Findings: According to the measurements conducted in four directions of the courtyard under study and comparing them with the temperature in the lateral street and the mean temperature recorded in Mehrabad Weather Station in the same time frame, the mean temperature of the courtyard was 4.52 °C less than that of the street and 4.01 °C less than that of Mehrabad Weather Station. Comparing results obtained from cold seasons show that temperature of the courtyard was 0.9 °C more than that of the outer space and 1.4 °C more than that recorded in Mehrabad Weather Station. Consequently, Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard has functioned as a microclimate. Discussion and Conclusion: with an approximate difference of 0.3°C, simulation results confirm the microclimate function of Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard. Comparisons between the influence of water and plants have also indicated that in the hot seasons, plant coverage could decrease the temperature by 0.9 °C more than what water does.
- Taban, m., Pourjafar M., Bemanian, M., Heidari, Sh. 2014. Determining Optimal Courtyard Pattern in Dezful Traditional Houses By Relying on Shadow Analysis, Bagh-e nazar, Vol. 10, pp. 39-48. (In Persian)
- Zamani, Z., Heidari, Sh. Hanachi, P., 2019. Optimizing the Building Location Arrangement in Urban Block, in order to Achieve Heat Mitigation of Yards in Tehran, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 21, No.9 PP. 222-231.
- Swan, L., Ugursal, V., 2009. Modelling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modelling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp. 1819–1835.
- Vellinga, M., Oliver, P., Bridge, A., 2007. Atlas of Vernacular Architecture of the World. Routledge, USA.
- Heidari, Sh., 2010. A deep courtyard as the best building form for desert climate, an introduction to effects of air movement (Case study: Yazd). Desert Vol.15, pp.19–26.
- Muhaisen, A.S., Gadi, M.B., 2006. Effect of courtyard proportions on solar heat gain and energy requirement in the temperate climate of Rome. Build. Environ. Vol.41, pp.245–253.
- Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., Mofidi Shemirani, S M., 2016. Traditional Iranian courtyards as microclimate modifiers by considering orientation, dimensions, and proportions. Frontiers of Architectural Research. Article in press.
- Meir, I.A., 2000. Courtyard microclimate: a hot arid region case study. Paper Presented at the proceedings of the 17th PLEA International Conference. Cambridge.
- Reynolds, J., 2002. Courtyards: Aesthetic, Social, and Thermal Delight. Wiley.
- Rajapaksha, U. An Exploration of Courtyards for Passive Climate Control in Non domestic Buildings in Moderate Climates. Doctoral dissertation, The School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, the University of Queensland, Australia. 2004; pp 121-125.
- Tablada, A., Blocken, B., Carmeliet, J., DeTroyer, F., Verschure, H., 2005. The influence of courtyard geometry on air flow and thermal comfort: CFD and thermal comfort simulations. In: Proceedings of the PLEA 2005, 22nd Conference on Passiveand Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Al-Masri, N., Abu-Hijleh, B., 2012. Courtyard housing in midrise buildings: environmental assessment in hot-arid climate. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.16(4),1892–1898.
- Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., Mofidi Shemirani, S M., (2016), Investigation of Iranian traditional courtyard as passive cooling strategy (a field study on BS climate), International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, No:5, 99-111.
- Bently, Y., Alen, A., Pall, M., Soomk, G., 2003. Responsible environment guideline for designer. Tehran. Science and Technology University. (In Persian)
- Salighe, M., 2004 Simulation of adaptive house with climate for Chabahar. Geography and development Iranian Journal. Vol 2 (4), Zahedan pp. 147-170. (In Persian)
- Wilbaux, Q., Lebrun, M., McElhearn, K., 2000. Marrakesh: The Secret of Courtyard Houses. Art Creation Realisation, France.
- Knapp, R.G., Spence, J., Chester Ong, A., 2006. Chinese Houses: The Architectural Heritage of a Nation. Tuttle Publishing, Singapore.
- Rabbat, N.O., 2010. The Courtyard House: From Cultural Reference to Universal Relevance. Ashgate, Published in Association with the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
- Ahmad, I., Khetrish, E., Abughres, S.M. 1985 Thermal analysis of the architecture of old and new houses at Ghadames. Building and Environment, Vol. 20(1), pp. 39-42.
- Olgyay, V., 1963. Design with Climate, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press p:6.
- Forghani, D., Sheibani, M., 2010. The role of the central courtyard in the formation of traditional Kashan houses, 23, pp.47. (In Persian)
- Haji ghasemi, K., 1988. Religious building of Tehran. Tehran, Ministry of cultural heritage and handicrafts. (In Persian)
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- Taban, m., Pourjafar M., Bemanian, M., Heidari, Sh. 2014. Determining Optimal Courtyard Pattern in Dezful Traditional Houses By Relying on Shadow Analysis, Bagh-e nazar, Vol. 10, pp. 39-48. (In Persian)
- Zamani, Z., Heidari, Sh. Hanachi, P., 2019. Optimizing the Building Location Arrangement in Urban Block, in order to Achieve Heat Mitigation of Yards in Tehran, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 21, No.9 PP. 222-231.
- Swan, L., Ugursal, V., 2009. Modelling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modelling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp. 1819–1835.
- Vellinga, M., Oliver, P., Bridge, A., 2007. Atlas of Vernacular Architecture of the World. Routledge, USA.
- Heidari, Sh., 2010. A deep courtyard as the best building form for desert climate, an introduction to effects of air movement (Case study: Yazd). Desert Vol.15, pp.19–26.
- Muhaisen, A.S., Gadi, M.B., 2006. Effect of courtyard proportions on solar heat gain and energy requirement in the temperate climate of Rome. Build. Environ. Vol.41, pp.245–253.
- Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., Mofidi Shemirani, S M., 2016. Traditional Iranian courtyards as microclimate modifiers by considering orientation, dimensions, and proportions. Frontiers of Architectural Research. Article in press.
- Meir, I.A., 2000. Courtyard microclimate: a hot arid region case study. Paper Presented at the proceedings of the 17th PLEA International Conference. Cambridge.
- Reynolds, J., 2002. Courtyards: Aesthetic, Social, and Thermal Delight. Wiley.
- Rajapaksha, U. An Exploration of Courtyards for Passive Climate Control in Non domestic Buildings in Moderate Climates. Doctoral dissertation, The School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, the University of Queensland, Australia. 2004; pp 121-125.
- Tablada, A., Blocken, B., Carmeliet, J., DeTroyer, F., Verschure, H., 2005. The influence of courtyard geometry on air flow and thermal comfort: CFD and thermal comfort simulations. In: Proceedings of the PLEA 2005, 22nd Conference on Passiveand Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Al-Masri, N., Abu-Hijleh, B., 2012. Courtyard housing in midrise buildings: environmental assessment in hot-arid climate. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.16(4),1892–1898.
- Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., Mofidi Shemirani, S M., (2016), Investigation of Iranian traditional courtyard as passive cooling strategy (a field study on BS climate), International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, No:5, 99-111.
- Bently, Y., Alen, A., Pall, M., Soomk, G., 2003. Responsible environment guideline for designer. Tehran. Science and Technology University. (In Persian)
- Salighe, M., 2004 Simulation of adaptive house with climate for Chabahar. Geography and development Iranian Journal. Vol 2 (4), Zahedan pp. 147-170. (In Persian)
- Wilbaux, Q., Lebrun, M., McElhearn, K., 2000. Marrakesh: The Secret of Courtyard Houses. Art Creation Realisation, France.
- Knapp, R.G., Spence, J., Chester Ong, A., 2006. Chinese Houses: The Architectural Heritage of a Nation. Tuttle Publishing, Singapore.
- Rabbat, N.O., 2010. The Courtyard House: From Cultural Reference to Universal Relevance. Ashgate, Published in Association with the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
- Ahmad, I., Khetrish, E., Abughres, S.M. 1985 Thermal analysis of the architecture of old and new houses at Ghadames. Building and Environment, Vol. 20(1), pp. 39-42.
- Olgyay, V., 1963. Design with Climate, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press p:6.
- Forghani, D., Sheibani, M., 2010. The role of the central courtyard in the formation of traditional Kashan houses, 23, pp.47. (In Persian)
- Haji ghasemi, K., 1988. Religious building of Tehran. Tehran, Ministry of cultural heritage and handicrafts. (In Persian)