ارزیابی فعالیت‌های فتوسنتزی، میزان کربوهیدرات‌ها، پرولین و اسانس ریحان (.Ocimum basilicum L) تحت الیسیتور نانوبتاسیکلودکسترین
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
آزاده لونی
1
,
سارا سعادتمند
2
,
حسین لاری یزدی
3
,
علیرضا ایرانبخش
4
1 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - گروه زیست شناسی، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بروجرد، ایران
4 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: کربوهیدرات, فلورسانس, نانوذرات, بتاسیکلودکسترین, کارآیی فتوسنتزی,
چکیده مقاله :
القای نانوذرات مهندسی شده به گیاهان دارویی باعث ایجاد مقاومت، بالا بردن عملکرد کمّی و کیفی و مواد موثره در آنها می‌شود. در این پژوهش نانوذرات-β سیکلودکسترین (β-CDNPS) سنتز شدند. مشخصات نانوذرات با طیف UV-VIS، میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری (TEM) و پراکندگی نوردینامیکی (DLS) تعیین شد. سپس غلظت‌های مختلف β-CDNPs شامل صفر، 10، 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر را برای محلول پاشی قسمت‌های هوایی ریحانOcimum basilicum رقم کشکنی لوءلوء به کار برده شد. آنالیز اسانس با استفاده از GC-MS انجام گرفت. مقدار رنگیزه های کلروفیلی و اسانس ریحان در مقایسه با شاهد تفاوت معنی داری (P≤%5) داشت. یافته‌ها حاکی از کاهش معنی‌دار (P≤%5) مقدارفلورسانس کمینه (Fo) در تیمار ppm50 نسبت به کنترل و دو سطح ppm 10 و 100 از نانوبتاسیکلودکسترین بود. ماکزیمم مقدار کلروفیل b در تیمار ppm100 مشاهده شد. سطحppm 50 باعث افزایش معنی‌دار (P≤%5) فلورسانس بیشینه، فلورسانس متغیر (Fv)، کارآیی فتوشیمیایی فتوسیستم P نسبت به شاهد شد. محلول‌پاشیβ-CDNPS ، موجب تغییراتی درتبادلات گازی ریحان شد. قندهای محلول و پرولین برگ و ریشه ریحان در تیمار ppm50 افزایش معنی‌داری (P≤%5) نسبت به شاهد داشت. به طوری که قند نامحلول در برگ و ریشه روند معکوس را نشان داد. غلظت فنیل‌پروپانوئیدها و ترپنوئیدها‌ی ریحان درمقایسه با شاهد تفاوت معنی‌داری (P≤%5) داشت. القای نانوذرات β-CDNPS در مسیر بیوسنتز متابولیت‌های ثانویه موجب بهره وری از گیاه می‌شود. گیاه ریحان تحت تیمارهای نانوبتاسیکلودکسترین با رفتاری وابسته به غلظت موجب افزایش عملکرد در واحد سطح شد. بنابراین، محلول پاشی در غلظت مناسب می‌تواند به عنوان یک القا کننده ضمن تحریک، موجب حفظ و نگهداری مواد موثره در ریحان شود و محتوای اسانس را برای غذا و دارو افزایش دهد.
Induction of engineered nanoparticles into medicinal plants causes resistance, enhances quantitative and qualitative performance and effective substances in them. In this study, β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles (β-CDNPS) were synthesized. The nanoparticle profile was determined by UV-VIS spectrum, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then different concentrations of β-CDNPs including 0, 10, 50, 100 mg / l were used for foliar spray of basil (Ocimum basilicumc.v. Keshkeni luvelou). The amount of chlorophyll pigments and basil essential oil was significantly different (P≤ 5%) compared to the control.The maximum amount of chlorophyll b was observed in 100ppm treatment. The results showed a significant reduction (P≤5%) of the minimum fluorescence value (Fo) in the treatment of 50 ppm compared to the control and two levels of 10 and 100 ppm of β-CDNPS. The level of 50 ppm significantly increased (P≤ 5%) the maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence (Fv), photochemical efficiency of the photosystem compared to the control. Foliar spray of β-CDNPS caused changes in basil gas exchange. Soluble sugars and proline of basil leave and root in 50ppm treatment had a significant increase (P≤%5) compared to the control, so that insoluble sugars in leave and root showed the opposite trend. In the presence of β-CDNPS, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids concentration, in the basil showed a significant difference (P≤5%) compared to the control group. Induction of β-CDNPS nanoparticles in the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites results in plant productivity Basil plant under the treatment of nano β-cyclodextrin, with concentration-dependent behavior increased yield per unit area. Therefore, foliar spray at the right concentration can act as an inducer while stimulating, preserving the active ingredients in basil and increase the content of essential oil for food and drug consumption.
Achnine, L., E.B. Blancaflor, S. Rasmussen, and R.A. Dixon. Colocalization of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase for metabolic channeling in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The Plant Cell. 16: 3098–3109.
Adams, R.P. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corporation Carol Stream, IL.
Almagro, L., and M.A. Pedreño. 2020. Use of cyclodextrins to improve the production of plant bioactive compounds. Phytochemistry Reviews. 19: 1–20.
Annamalai, S., M. Santhanam, S. Selvaraj, M. Sundaram, K. Pandian, and M. Pazos. 2018. Green technology: Bio-stimulation by an electric field for textile reactive dye contaminated agricultural soil. Science of The Total Environment. 624: 1649–1657.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205–207.
Burt, S.A., R. Vlielander, H.P. Haagsman, and E.J.A. Veldhuizen. 2005. Increase in activity of essential oil components carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli O157: H7 by addition of food stabilizers. Journal of Food Protection. 68: 919–926.
Cellamare, B.M., P. Fini, A. Agostiano, S. Sortino, and P. Cosma. 2013. Identification of ROS produced by photodynamic activity of chlorophyll/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 89: 432–441.
Dentuto, P.L., L. Catucci, P. Cosma, P. Fini, A. Agostiano, S. Hackbarth, F. Rancan, and B. Roeder. 2007. Cyclodextrin/chlorophyll a complexes as supramolecular photosensitizers. 70: 39–43.
Donsi, F., M. Annunziata, M. Sessa, and G. Ferrari. 2011. Nanoencapsulation of essential oils to enhance their antimicrobial activity in foods. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 44: 1908–1914.
Fenyvesi, E., M. Vikmon, and L. Szente. 2016. Cyclodextrins in food technology and human nutrition: benefits and limitations. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56: 1981–2004.
Fischer, R.A., D. Rees, K.D. Sayre, Z.M. Lu, A.G. Condon, and A.G. Saavedra. 1998. Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science. 38: 1467–1475.
Garcia-Pérez, P., S. Losada-Barreiro, P.P. Gallego, and C. Bravo-Diaz. 2019. Cyclodextrin-elicited bryophyllum suspension cultured cells: Enhancement of the production of bioactive compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20: 1-18.
Gentili, A. 2020. Cyclodextrin-based sorbents for solid phase extraction. Journal of Chromatography. 16: 1-20.
Genty, B., J.M. Briantais, and N.R. Baker. 1989. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 990: 87–92.
Gonzalez Pereira, A., M. Carpena, P. Garcia Oliveira, J.C. Mejuto, M.A. Prieto, and J. Simal Gandara. 2021. Main applications of cyclodextrins in the food industry as the compounds of choice to form host-guest complexes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22: 1-23.
Grob, R.L. 2004. Theory of gas chromatography. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography. 23–63.
Hanif, M.A., M.Y. Al-Maskari, A. Al-Maskari, A. Al-Shukaili, A.Y. Al-Maskari, and J.N. Al-Sabahi. 2011. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5: 751–757.
Jansook, P., N. Ogawa, and T. Loftsson. 2018. Cyclodextrins: structure, physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 535: 272–284.
Kashyap, C.P., K. Ranjeet, A. Vikrant, and K. Vipin. 2011. Therapeutic potency of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Guerke. A Review. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 5: 191–200.
Kfoury, M., L. Auezova, H. Greige-Gerges, and S. Fourmentin. 2018. Cyclodextrins for essential oils applications, in: Cyclodextrin applications in medicine, food, environment and liquid crystals. 4: 81–123.
Li, Z., H. Li, C. Wang, J. Xu, V. Singh, D. Chen, and J. Zhang. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/β-cyclodextrin vesicles embedded in chitosan gel for insulin delivery with pH-selective release. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 6: 344–351.
Mahmoudi, M. V. Serpooshan, and S. Laurent. 2011. Engineered nanoparticles for biomolecular imaging. 3: 3007–3026.
Malakouti, M.J., F. Moshiri, and M.N. Ghaibi. 2005. Optimum levels of nutrients in soil and some agronomic and horticultural crops. Soil and Water Research Institue. Technical Bulletin. 405.
Misra, A., S. Dwivedi, A.K. Srivastava, D.K. Tewari, A. Khan, and R. Kumar. 2006. Low iron stress nutrition for evaluation of Fe-efficient genotype physiology, photosynthesis, and essential monoterpene oil (s) yield of Ocimum sanctum. 44: 474–477.
Mohammadi, H., A. Soltani, H.R. Sadeghipour, E. Zeynali, and H.R.A. Najafi. Effect of seed deterioration on vegetative growth and chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean (Glycine max). Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15: 112-118.
Nayyar, H., and D.P. Walia. 2003. Water stress induced proline accumulation in contrasting wheat genotypes as affected by calcium and abscisic acid. Biologia Plantarum. 46: 275–279.
Nowotny, A. 1979. Carbohydrate determination by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. InBasic exercises in immunochemistry. Publisher: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 171-173.
Paknejad, F., H.E. Majidi, G. Nourmohammadi, A.A. Siadat, and S. Vazan. 2006. Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield in some wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 33: 481-492.
Ramawat, K.G., and J.M. Mérillon. 2008. Book Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants. Publisher: Springer Berlin, Heidelberg . 18-22.
Ramirez-Estrada, K., H. Vidal-Limon, D. Hidalgo, E. Moyano, M. Golenioswki, R. Cusidó, and J. Palazon. 2016. Elicitation, an effective strategy for the biotechnological production of bioactive high-added value compounds in plant cell factories. 21: 1-24.
Ribaut, J.M., D.J. Bertioli, B. Raatz, P. Roberts, V. Vadez, R.K. Varshney, and N.N. Diop. 2012. Innovative approaches to increase tropical legume productivity in Africa and South Asia, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Legume Genetics and Genomics (ICLGG). VII-GAB01.
Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Sánchez-Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
Roháček, K., J. Soukupová, and M. Barták. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a wonderful tool to study plant physiology and plant stress. Plant, cell compartments- Selected Topics. Research Signpost, Kerala, India 41–104.
Sadeghi -Shoae, M., D. Habibi, D. Taleghani, F. Paknejad, and A. Kashani. 2014. Evaluation the effect of paclobutrazol on bolting, qualitative and quantitative performance in autumn sown -sugar beet genotypes in Moghan region. International Journal of Biosciences. 5: 345 -354.
Sarvajeet, S.G., and T. Narendra. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 48: 909–930.
Seyedi, M., A.A. Mousavi Mirkalaei, and H. Zahedi. 2022. The effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics of landraces Withania coagulans Crop Ecophysiology. 62: 163- 178.
Shafique, M., S.J. Khan, and N.H. Khan. 2011. Study of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil. 1: 105–111.
Sridharan, G., E. Daneau, and M. Fragata. 2002. Relationship between chlorophyll a fluorescence induction and oxygen evolution in barley (Hordeum vulgare) thylakoids treated with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins. Canadian Journal of Botany. 80: 741–751.
Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant physiology. 3rd. England: Sinauer Associates.
Tanaka, A., and R. Tanaka. 2006. Chlorophyll metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 9: 248–255.
Tian, Y., Y. Li, X. Xu, and Z. Jin. 2011. Starch retrogradation studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Carbohydrate Polymers. 84: 1165–1168.
Turkez, H., B. Togar, A. Tatar, F. Geyikoglu, and A. Hacimuftuoglu. 2014. Cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of α-copaene on rat neuron and N2a neuroblastoma cell lines. 69: 936–942.
Zlatev, Z. 2009. Drought-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence of young wheat plants. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 23: 438–441.
_||_Achnine, L., E.B. Blancaflor, S. Rasmussen, and R.A. Dixon. Colocalization of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase for metabolic channeling in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The Plant Cell. 16: 3098–3109.
Adams, R.P. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corporation Carol Stream, IL.
Almagro, L., and M.A. Pedreño. 2020. Use of cyclodextrins to improve the production of plant bioactive compounds. Phytochemistry Reviews. 19: 1–20.
Annamalai, S., M. Santhanam, S. Selvaraj, M. Sundaram, K. Pandian, and M. Pazos. 2018. Green technology: Bio-stimulation by an electric field for textile reactive dye contaminated agricultural soil. Science of The Total Environment. 624: 1649–1657.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205–207.
Burt, S.A., R. Vlielander, H.P. Haagsman, and E.J.A. Veldhuizen. 2005. Increase in activity of essential oil components carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli O157: H7 by addition of food stabilizers. Journal of Food Protection. 68: 919–926.
Cellamare, B.M., P. Fini, A. Agostiano, S. Sortino, and P. Cosma. 2013. Identification of ROS produced by photodynamic activity of chlorophyll/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 89: 432–441.
Dentuto, P.L., L. Catucci, P. Cosma, P. Fini, A. Agostiano, S. Hackbarth, F. Rancan, and B. Roeder. 2007. Cyclodextrin/chlorophyll a complexes as supramolecular photosensitizers. 70: 39–43.
Donsi, F., M. Annunziata, M. Sessa, and G. Ferrari. 2011. Nanoencapsulation of essential oils to enhance their antimicrobial activity in foods. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 44: 1908–1914.
Fenyvesi, E., M. Vikmon, and L. Szente. 2016. Cyclodextrins in food technology and human nutrition: benefits and limitations. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56: 1981–2004.
Fischer, R.A., D. Rees, K.D. Sayre, Z.M. Lu, A.G. Condon, and A.G. Saavedra. 1998. Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science. 38: 1467–1475.
Garcia-Pérez, P., S. Losada-Barreiro, P.P. Gallego, and C. Bravo-Diaz. 2019. Cyclodextrin-elicited bryophyllum suspension cultured cells: Enhancement of the production of bioactive compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20: 1-18.
Gentili, A. 2020. Cyclodextrin-based sorbents for solid phase extraction. Journal of Chromatography. 16: 1-20.
Genty, B., J.M. Briantais, and N.R. Baker. 1989. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 990: 87–92.
Gonzalez Pereira, A., M. Carpena, P. Garcia Oliveira, J.C. Mejuto, M.A. Prieto, and J. Simal Gandara. 2021. Main applications of cyclodextrins in the food industry as the compounds of choice to form host-guest complexes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22: 1-23.
Grob, R.L. 2004. Theory of gas chromatography. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography. 23–63.
Hanif, M.A., M.Y. Al-Maskari, A. Al-Maskari, A. Al-Shukaili, A.Y. Al-Maskari, and J.N. Al-Sabahi. 2011. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5: 751–757.
Jansook, P., N. Ogawa, and T. Loftsson. 2018. Cyclodextrins: structure, physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 535: 272–284.
Kashyap, C.P., K. Ranjeet, A. Vikrant, and K. Vipin. 2011. Therapeutic potency of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Guerke. A Review. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 5: 191–200.
Kfoury, M., L. Auezova, H. Greige-Gerges, and S. Fourmentin. 2018. Cyclodextrins for essential oils applications, in: Cyclodextrin applications in medicine, food, environment and liquid crystals. 4: 81–123.
Li, Z., H. Li, C. Wang, J. Xu, V. Singh, D. Chen, and J. Zhang. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/β-cyclodextrin vesicles embedded in chitosan gel for insulin delivery with pH-selective release. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 6: 344–351.
Mahmoudi, M. V. Serpooshan, and S. Laurent. 2011. Engineered nanoparticles for biomolecular imaging. 3: 3007–3026.
Malakouti, M.J., F. Moshiri, and M.N. Ghaibi. 2005. Optimum levels of nutrients in soil and some agronomic and horticultural crops. Soil and Water Research Institue. Technical Bulletin. 405.
Misra, A., S. Dwivedi, A.K. Srivastava, D.K. Tewari, A. Khan, and R. Kumar. 2006. Low iron stress nutrition for evaluation of Fe-efficient genotype physiology, photosynthesis, and essential monoterpene oil (s) yield of Ocimum sanctum. 44: 474–477.
Mohammadi, H., A. Soltani, H.R. Sadeghipour, E. Zeynali, and H.R.A. Najafi. Effect of seed deterioration on vegetative growth and chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean (Glycine max). Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15: 112-118.
Nayyar, H., and D.P. Walia. 2003. Water stress induced proline accumulation in contrasting wheat genotypes as affected by calcium and abscisic acid. Biologia Plantarum. 46: 275–279.
Nowotny, A. 1979. Carbohydrate determination by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. InBasic exercises in immunochemistry. Publisher: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 171-173.
Paknejad, F., H.E. Majidi, G. Nourmohammadi, A.A. Siadat, and S. Vazan. 2006. Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield in some wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 33: 481-492.
Ramawat, K.G., and J.M. Mérillon. 2008. Book Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants. Publisher: Springer Berlin, Heidelberg . 18-22.
Ramirez-Estrada, K., H. Vidal-Limon, D. Hidalgo, E. Moyano, M. Golenioswki, R. Cusidó, and J. Palazon. 2016. Elicitation, an effective strategy for the biotechnological production of bioactive high-added value compounds in plant cell factories. 21: 1-24.
Ribaut, J.M., D.J. Bertioli, B. Raatz, P. Roberts, V. Vadez, R.K. Varshney, and N.N. Diop. 2012. Innovative approaches to increase tropical legume productivity in Africa and South Asia, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Legume Genetics and Genomics (ICLGG). VII-GAB01.
Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Sánchez-Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
Roháček, K., J. Soukupová, and M. Barták. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a wonderful tool to study plant physiology and plant stress. Plant, cell compartments- Selected Topics. Research Signpost, Kerala, India 41–104.
Sadeghi -Shoae, M., D. Habibi, D. Taleghani, F. Paknejad, and A. Kashani. 2014. Evaluation the effect of paclobutrazol on bolting, qualitative and quantitative performance in autumn sown -sugar beet genotypes in Moghan region. International Journal of Biosciences. 5: 345 -354.
Sarvajeet, S.G., and T. Narendra. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 48: 909–930.
Seyedi, M., A.A. Mousavi Mirkalaei, and H. Zahedi. 2022. The effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics of landraces Withania coagulans Crop Ecophysiology. 62: 163- 178.
Shafique, M., S.J. Khan, and N.H. Khan. 2011. Study of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil. 1: 105–111.
Sridharan, G., E. Daneau, and M. Fragata. 2002. Relationship between chlorophyll a fluorescence induction and oxygen evolution in barley (Hordeum vulgare) thylakoids treated with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins. Canadian Journal of Botany. 80: 741–751.
Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant physiology. 3rd. England: Sinauer Associates.
Tanaka, A., and R. Tanaka. 2006. Chlorophyll metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 9: 248–255.
Tian, Y., Y. Li, X. Xu, and Z. Jin. 2011. Starch retrogradation studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Carbohydrate Polymers. 84: 1165–1168.
Turkez, H., B. Togar, A. Tatar, F. Geyikoglu, and A. Hacimuftuoglu. 2014. Cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of α-copaene on rat neuron and N2a neuroblastoma cell lines. 69: 936–942.
Zlatev, Z. 2009. Drought-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence of young wheat plants. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 23: 438–441.