تأثیر کود نیتروژن و باکتری محرک رشد بر شاخص‌های رشد چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L) در کشت تأخیری
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعینصرت الله نصرت 1 , مرتضی گلدانی 2 , جواد رضایی 3
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد زراعت، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 - استادیار، بخش تحقیقات چغندر قند، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: شاخص سطح برگ, تاریخ کاشت, سرعت رشد, نیترو باکتری,
چکیده مقاله :
درکشت تأخیری چغندرقند، استفاده از کود نیتروژن و باکتری محرک رشد، می‌توانند در تسریع رشد و جبران زمان از دست رفته، اهمیت زیادی داشته باشند. برای بررسی این موضوع آزمایشی در سال 1397 به‌صورت کرت‌های دو بار خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با ۳ تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. عامل‌های مورد مطالعه شامل تاریخ کاشت با دو سطح (تاریخ کاشت معمول و تاریخ کاشت تأخیری) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی، کود نیتروژن با دو سطح مصرف کود نیتروژن بر اساس مقدار توصیه شده (300 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و ۲۵ درصد کمتر از مقدار توصیه شده (225 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی و باکتری محرک رشد با دو سطح (مایه زنی با باکتری و بدون باکتری) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی فرعی درنظر گرفته شدند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل شاخص سطح برگ، تجمع ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد، سرعت رشد نسبی و سرعت فتوسنتز خالص بودند. بررسی این آزمایش نشان داد بیشترین شاخص سطح برگ (05/3)، ماده خشک (2898 گرم بر مترمربع در واحد حرارتی)، سرعت رشد، سرعت رشد نسبی و سرعت فتوسنتز خالص در هر دو تاریخ کاشت معمول و تأخیری، مربوط به تیمار کود نیتروژن براساس توصیه همراه با مایه زنی باکتری بودند. کمترین مقدار این صفات در هر دو تاریخ کاشت با کود نیتروژن ۲۵ درصد کمتر ازتوصیه با عدم مایه زنی باکتری محرک رشد به دست آمدند. عملکرد ریشه نیز در تیمار باکتری محرک رشد در دو تاریخ کاشت معمول و تأخیری نسبت به دیگر تیمارها به طور معنی داری 10 درصد برتری نشان داد. بر این اساس، به نظر می‌رسد در کشت تأخیری برای جبران زمان از دست رفته در گیاه چغندرقند استفاده تلفیقی از کودهای شیمیایی و زیستی مؤثر است.
Delayed planting of sugar beet, use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria are important in accelerating growth and compensating time loss. To study this subject, a split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 8 treatments in 2018 at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The factors under study consisted of planting date with two levels (regular planting, D1, and delayed planting, D2) as the main factor, nitrogen fertilizer with two levels (use of nitrogen fertilizer based on recommended rate, N1 and 25% less than recommended rate, N2) as a subfactors and bacterial growth stimulant with two levels (bacterial inoculation, B2, and without its use, B1) were considered as sub-sub- factors. Growth indices under study were leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. In this study, highest leaf area index (3.5) and dry matter accumulation (2898 g.m-2) in thermal unit, as well as growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate under regular and delayed planting dates were due to the use of recommended rate of nitrogen fertilizer and bacterial inoculation treatments. The least amounts of these traits were obtained at both planting dates and use of nitrogen fertilizer, 25% less than the recommendation, and without using bacteria. Root yield and sugar content sugar beet under treatment of bacterial and nitrogen use, based on recommended rate, showed 8 to 10% higher than other treatments, under both regular and delayed planting date. It seems that the combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers is useful in delayed sowing, to compensate delayed time loss planting of sugar beet.
· Abdollahian Noghabi, M. 2000. The effect of drought stress and re-irrigation on the dry matter partitioning of three sugar beet cultivars. The 6th Iranian Crop Science Congress Proceeding. University of Mazandaran. (In Persian).
· Akbari, P., A. Ghalavand, and S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy. 2009. Effects of differentnutrition systems and bio fertilizer (PGPR) on phenology period yield and yieldcomponents of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 2(3): 119-134. (In Persian).
· Ayoola, O.T., and E.A. Makinde. 2007. Complementary organic and inorganic fertilizerapplication: influence on growth and yield of cassava/maize/melon intercrop withrelayed cowpea. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1(3): 187-192
· Draycott. AP. 2006. Sugar beet. First Edition. Blackwell. Publishing. Oxford, UK. 474 p.
· El-Fadaly, H.A., I.H. El-Geddawy, F. El-Hawary, and A. Ebrahim. 2013. Enumeration of rhizobacteria count and growth criteria of sugar beet plant as affected by biofertilization. Egyption Journal of Agricultural Research. 91(2): 657-673.
· Falahi, J., A. Kocheki, and M.P. Rezwani. 2009. Investigation of the effect of biological fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative function of german chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Iranian Journal of Crops Research. (1).135 – 137. (In Persian).
· Farazi, M. 2018. Investigating the effect of silicon and potassium spraying in addition to potassium soil use on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet. (Beta vulgaris L.) under moisture stress conditions. Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
· Hoffmann, C.M., and S. Kluge-Severin. 2011. Growth analysis of autumn and spring sown sugar beet. Europian Journal of Agronomy. 34: 1–9.
· Hillel, D.J., L. Hatfield, D.S. Powlson, C. Rosezweig, K.M. Scow, M.J. Singer, and D. Sparks. 2005. Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Volums 1-4. Elsevier Academic press, oxford, UK.
· Jafarnia, B. 2014. The impact of plant density, N-fertilizer levels and bio-fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characters of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L). Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
· Jafari, A., S.S. Mohtasebi, H.E. Jahromi, and M. Omid. 2006. Weed detection in sugar beet fields using machine vision. Internatinal Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 8(5): 602-605.
· Kandil, A.A., M.A. Badawi, S.A. El-Mousry, and U.M.A. Abdou. 2004. Effect of planting dates, nitrogen levels and bio-fertilization treatments on growth attributes of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. 5(2): 227-237.
· Lauer, J.G. 1995. Plant density and nitrogen rate effects sugar beet yield andquality early in harvest. Argonomy Journal. 87: 586-591.
· Malnou, C.S., K.W. Jaggard, and D.L. Sparkes. 2008. Nitrogen fertilizer and the efficiency of the sugar beet crop in late summer. Europian Journal of Agronomy. 28: 47-56.
· Neamatollahi, E., M. Bannayan, M.R. Jahansuz, P. Struik, and A. Farid. 2012. Agro-ecological zoning for wheat (Triticum aestivum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and corn (Zea mays) on the Mashhad plain, Khorasan Razavi province. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. 15: 99–112
· Ozer. H. 2003. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy. 19: 453-463.
· Pytlarz-Kozicka, M. 2005. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and antifungal plant protection on sugar beet yielding. Plant Soil Environment. 51(5): 232-236.
· Parsa, M., A. Ganjali, A. Rezaeian Zadah, and A. Nezami. 2011. Effect of supplemental irrigation on performance and growth indices of three chickpea cultivars in Mashhad. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 9(3):321-310. (In Persian).
· Rangzad, L., R.A. Mohammadi, and J. Ajeli. 2010. Investigation the effect of different sources and amounts of nitrogen fertilizers on sugar beet quality. Thesis of Shiraz Islamic Azad University. (In Persian).
· Robertson, M.J., J.F. Holland, and R. Bambach. 2004. Response of canola and Indian mustard to sowing date in the grain belt of north-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 44: 43-52.
· Roesti, D. R. Gaur, B. Johri, G. Imfeld, S. Sharma, K. Kawaljeet, and M. Aragno. 2006. Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bio inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Soil of Biological and Biochemistry. 38: 1111–1120. (In Persian).
· Sadeghzadeh Hemaiaty, S. 2002. Agroclimatical analysis of sugar beet monogerm hybrid seed production in Ardabil region at 2001 growing season – with emphasis on effect of planting date upon yield and its quantitative components. Journal of Sugar Beet. 17(2): 70-85. (In Persian).
· Salmasi, S.Z., K.G. Golez, and S. Moghbeli. 2006. Effect of sowing date and limited irrigation on the seed yield and quality of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture. 30: 281-286.
· Scott, R.K., and K.W. Jaggard. 1995. The sugar beet crop: Science into practice. In: Cook, D.A. and Scoot, R.K. (Eds). Crop Physiology and Agronomy Chapman and Hall, London, 571 617.
· Soleymani, A., M.R. Khajehpour, G. Nourmohammadi, and Y. Sadeghian. 2003. Effects of planting date and pattern on some physiological growth indices of sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 9(1): 105-124. (In Persian).
Tilak, K.V., B.R. Ranganayaki, N. Pal, K.K. De, R. Saxena, A. K.Shekhar Nautiyal, C. Shilpi Mittal, A.K. Tripathi, and B.N. Johri. 2005. Diversity of plant growth and soil health supporting bacteria. Current Science. 89: 136-143
· Abdollahian Noghabi, M. 2000. The effect of drought stress and re-irrigation on the dry matter partitioning of three sugar beet cultivars. The 6th Iranian Crop Science Congress Proceeding. University of Mazandaran. (In Persian).
· Akbari, P., A. Ghalavand, and S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy. 2009. Effects of differentnutrition systems and bio fertilizer (PGPR) on phenology period yield and yieldcomponents of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 2(3): 119-134. (In Persian).
· Ayoola, O.T., and E.A. Makinde. 2007. Complementary organic and inorganic fertilizerapplication: influence on growth and yield of cassava/maize/melon intercrop withrelayed cowpea. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1(3): 187-192
· Draycott. AP. 2006. Sugar beet. First Edition. Blackwell. Publishing. Oxford, UK. 474 p.
· El-Fadaly, H.A., I.H. El-Geddawy, F. El-Hawary, and A. Ebrahim. 2013. Enumeration of rhizobacteria count and growth criteria of sugar beet plant as affected by biofertilization. Egyption Journal of Agricultural Research. 91(2): 657-673.
· Falahi, J., A. Kocheki, and M.P. Rezwani. 2009. Investigation of the effect of biological fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative function of german chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Iranian Journal of Crops Research. (1).135 – 137. (In Persian).
· Farazi, M. 2018. Investigating the effect of silicon and potassium spraying in addition to potassium soil use on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet. (Beta vulgaris L.) under moisture stress conditions. Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
· Hoffmann, C.M., and S. Kluge-Severin. 2011. Growth analysis of autumn and spring sown sugar beet. Europian Journal of Agronomy. 34: 1–9.
· Hillel, D.J., L. Hatfield, D.S. Powlson, C. Rosezweig, K.M. Scow, M.J. Singer, and D. Sparks. 2005. Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Volums 1-4. Elsevier Academic press, oxford, UK.
· Jafarnia, B. 2014. The impact of plant density, N-fertilizer levels and bio-fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characters of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L). Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
· Jafari, A., S.S. Mohtasebi, H.E. Jahromi, and M. Omid. 2006. Weed detection in sugar beet fields using machine vision. Internatinal Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 8(5): 602-605.
· Kandil, A.A., M.A. Badawi, S.A. El-Mousry, and U.M.A. Abdou. 2004. Effect of planting dates, nitrogen levels and bio-fertilization treatments on growth attributes of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. 5(2): 227-237.
· Lauer, J.G. 1995. Plant density and nitrogen rate effects sugar beet yield andquality early in harvest. Argonomy Journal. 87: 586-591.
· Malnou, C.S., K.W. Jaggard, and D.L. Sparkes. 2008. Nitrogen fertilizer and the efficiency of the sugar beet crop in late summer. Europian Journal of Agronomy. 28: 47-56.
· Neamatollahi, E., M. Bannayan, M.R. Jahansuz, P. Struik, and A. Farid. 2012. Agro-ecological zoning for wheat (Triticum aestivum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and corn (Zea mays) on the Mashhad plain, Khorasan Razavi province. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. 15: 99–112
· Ozer. H. 2003. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy. 19: 453-463.
· Pytlarz-Kozicka, M. 2005. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and antifungal plant protection on sugar beet yielding. Plant Soil Environment. 51(5): 232-236.
· Parsa, M., A. Ganjali, A. Rezaeian Zadah, and A. Nezami. 2011. Effect of supplemental irrigation on performance and growth indices of three chickpea cultivars in Mashhad. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 9(3):321-310. (In Persian).
· Rangzad, L., R.A. Mohammadi, and J. Ajeli. 2010. Investigation the effect of different sources and amounts of nitrogen fertilizers on sugar beet quality. Thesis of Shiraz Islamic Azad University. (In Persian).
· Robertson, M.J., J.F. Holland, and R. Bambach. 2004. Response of canola and Indian mustard to sowing date in the grain belt of north-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 44: 43-52.
· Roesti, D. R. Gaur, B. Johri, G. Imfeld, S. Sharma, K. Kawaljeet, and M. Aragno. 2006. Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bio inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Soil of Biological and Biochemistry. 38: 1111–1120. (In Persian).
· Sadeghzadeh Hemaiaty, S. 2002. Agroclimatical analysis of sugar beet monogerm hybrid seed production in Ardabil region at 2001 growing season – with emphasis on effect of planting date upon yield and its quantitative components. Journal of Sugar Beet. 17(2): 70-85. (In Persian).
· Salmasi, S.Z., K.G. Golez, and S. Moghbeli. 2006. Effect of sowing date and limited irrigation on the seed yield and quality of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture. 30: 281-286.
· Scott, R.K., and K.W. Jaggard. 1995. The sugar beet crop: Science into practice. In: Cook, D.A. and Scoot, R.K. (Eds). Crop Physiology and Agronomy Chapman and Hall, London, 571 617.
· Soleymani, A., M.R. Khajehpour, G. Nourmohammadi, and Y. Sadeghian. 2003. Effects of planting date and pattern on some physiological growth indices of sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 9(1): 105-124. (In Persian).
Tilak, K.V., B.R. Ranganayaki, N. Pal, K.K. De, R. Saxena, A. K.Shekhar Nautiyal, C. Shilpi Mittal, A.K. Tripathi, and B.N. Johri. 2005. Diversity of plant growth and soil health supporting bacteria. Current Science. 89: 136-143