اثر کودهای زیستی میکوریزا و ازتوباکتر بر خصوصیات کمّی و کیفی ارقام کلزا (Brassica napus L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
زینب امان الهی بهاروند
1
(دانشجوی دکتری، واحد بین المللی آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران)
مرتضی سیاوشی
2
(استادیار گروه علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران)
یوسف نیک نژاد
3
(استادیار گروه علوم کشاورزی، واحد بین المللی آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران)
هرمز فلاح آملی
4
(استادیار گروه علوم کشاورزی، واحد بین المللی آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران)
مسعود رفیعی
5
(استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی لرستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، خرم‌آباد، ایران)
کلید واژه: عملکرد دانه, عملکرد روغن, اکس‌پاور, کاربرد توأم کودهای زیستی, گابریلا,
چکیده مقاله :
کاربرد کودهای زیستی به منظور کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی، از مهم ترین راه بردها در کشاورزی پایدار به شمار می رود. با هدف بررسی تأثیر کودهای زیستی میکوریزا و ازتوباکتر بر خصوصیات کمّی و کیفی ارقام کلزا، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار در دو منطقه معتدل خرم آباد و معتدل سرد الشتر لرستان اجرا گردید. عامل کود زیستی شامل کاربرد میکوریزا، کاربرد ازتوباکتر، کاربرد توأم میکوریزا و ازتوباکتر و عدم کاربرد کود زیستی (شاهد) و عامل رقم شامل ارقام گابریلا، نپتون، اکاپی و اکس پاور بودند. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین عملکرد دانه در منطقه خرم آباد به میزان 7/4265 کیلوگرم در هکتار و در منطقه الشتر به میزان 0/4168 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمدند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و روغن به رقم گابریلا (به ترتیب 7/4599 و 0/1923 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین آن به رقم اکاپی (به ترتیب 6/3849 و 0/1591 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در منطقه آزمایش تعلق داشتند. در میان سطوح کود زیستی، بیشترین عملکرد دانه و روغن به کاربرد توأم میکوریزا و ازتوباکتر (به ترتیب 4/4408 و 0/1831 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین آن به عدم کاربرد کود زیستی (به ترتیب 0/3973 و 1/1650 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط بودند. در مجموع، با توجه به اثر متقابل سه گانه عامل ها، رقم گابریلا همراه با کاربرد توأم میکوریزا و ازتوباکتر برای منطقه معتدل سرد الشتر و رقم اکس پاور همراه با کاربرد ازتوباکتر برای منطقه معتدل خرم آباد و مناطق مشابه قابل توصیه هستند.
Application of Bio-fertilizers are the most important sustainable strategies for reduction of chemical fertilizers. To study the effect of mycorrhiza and azotobacter bio-fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed cultivars, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications were conducted in two temperate and semi temperate regions of Khorramabad and Aleshtar, Iran. The bio-fertilizer application consisted of application of mycorrhiza, application of azotobacter, combined application of mycorrhiza and azotobacter, and non-application of bio-fertilizer as control. Cultivars used in this study were: Gabriella, Nepton, X-Power and Okapi. Results showed that the average seed yields in two locations are 4265.7 and 4168.0 kg.ha-1 in Khorramabad and Aleshtar area, respectively. The highest seed and oil yields, were belonged to Gabriella (4599.7 and 1923.0 kg.ha-1, respectively) and the least to Okapi (3849.6 and 1591.0 kg.ha-1, respectively). The highest seed yield was attributed to the combined application of mycorrhiza and azotobacter (4408.0 and 1831.8 kg.ha-1, respectively) and the least to the non-use of biological fertilizers (3849.6 and 1650.1 kg.ha-1, respectively). As a whole, according to interaction of three factors, Gabriella cultivar with combined application of bio-fertilizers mycorrhiza and azotobacter and X-Power cultivar with azotobacter bio-fertilizer recommended to Khorramabad temperate region and Aleshtar semi temperate region, respectively.
· Amanolahi-Baharvand, Z., H. Zahedi, and M. Rafiee. 2014. Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on growth parameters of three corn cultivars. Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture. 9(9): 22-26.
· Aslani, Z., A. Hassani, M.H. Rasouli Sadaghiani, F. Sefidkan, and M. Brin. 2011. The effects of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) on the growth, chlorophyll content and phosphorus uptake of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 53(3): 486-471. (In Persian)
· Ekram, A.M., and A.M. Salem. 2010. Response of Canola (Brassica napus L.) to biofertilizers under Egyptian conditions in newly reclaimed soil. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 2(1): 12-17.
· Gaur, A.C. 2001. Effects of azotobacterizationon the yield of canola (Brassica napus L.): Laboratory experiment. Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 19-22.
· Gupta, M.L., A. Prasad, M. Rama, and S. Kumar. 2002. Effect of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Golomus fasicclatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crop of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresourcue Technology. 81: 77-79.
· Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A., and H. Javadi. 2016. Study on the effects of inoculation with biofirtilizers (azotobacter and azospirillum) and nitrogen application on oil, yield and yield components of spring canola in West Azerbaijan. Journal of Crop Production and Processin. 5(18): 39-50.
· Heshmati, S., M. Amini Dehaghi, and K. Fathi Amirkhiz. 2016. Effect of chemical and biological phosphorus on antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical traits of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processin. 6(19): 203-214.
· Kader, M.A., M.H. Main, and M.S. Hoque. 2002. Effects of azotobacter inoculant on the yield nitrogen uptake by wheat. Online Journal of Biological Sciences. 2(4): 259-261.
· Kannayan, S. 2002. Biofertilizers for sustainable crop production, pp: 9-49.in: Biotechnology of biofertilizers. Es. Kannayam, Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, India.
· Kapoor, R., B. Giri, and K.G. Mukerjik. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality Infoeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with p-fertiliser. Biresourc Technology. 93: 307-3110.
· Khan, A., M.I. Khan and S. Riaz. 2000. Correlation and path coefficient analysis contributing parameters in Brassica napus. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research. 16: 127-130.
· Kizhaeral, S.S., J.S. Virgine Tenshia, K. Jayalakshmi, and V. Ramachandran. 2011. Antioxidant enzyme activities in arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) fungus inoculated and non-inoculated maize plants under zinc deficiency. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 51(1): 37–43.
· Malakoti, M., and M. Homayee. 2006. Fertility dry land soil. Tarbyat Modaress University Press. Tehran. (In Persian).
· Martin, X.M., C.S. Sumathi, and V.R. Kannan. 2011. Influence of agrochemicals and Azotobacter sp. application on soil fertility in relation to maize growth under nursery conditions. European Asian Journal of Biosciences. 5: 19-28.
· Mostafavian, S.R., H. Pirdashti, M.R. Ramzanpour, A. Andarkhor, and A. Shahsavari. 2008. Effect of mycorrhizae, thiobacillus and sulfur nutrition on the chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 11(6): 826-835.
· Nosheen, A., A. Bano, and F. Ullah. 2013. Bioinoculants: A sustainable approach to maximize the yield of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.) under low input of chemical fertilizers. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 29: 3-13.
· Omidi, A., M. Mirzakhani, and M.R. Ardakani. 2014. Evaluation of the qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by azotobacter and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Journal of Agroecology. 6(2): 324-338. (In Persian).
· Ozer, H. 2003. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy. 19: 453-463.
· Rafiee, M. 2018. Seed bet preparation and planting of canola for farmers. Jahad-e-Keshavarzi education press. 53 p. (In Persian).
· Rokhzadi, A., A. Asgharzadeh, F. darvish, Gh. Nour-Mohammadi, and A. Majidi. 2008. Influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on dry matter accumulation and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under field condition. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science. 3(2): 253-257.
· Ruiz-Lozno, J.M. 2003. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and alleviation of osmotic stress. New perspectives for molecular studies. Mycorrhiza. 13: 309-317.
· Sinaki, J.M., E. Majidi Heravan, A.H. Shirani Rad, Gh. Noormohamadi, and G. Zarei. 2007. The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agriculture Science. 2: 417-422. (In Persian).
· Smith, S.E., and D. Read. 2008. Mycorrhiza symbiosis. Third Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
· Smith, S.E., and F.A. Smith. 2011. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystems scales. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 63: 227–250
· Soleimanzadeh, H., D. Habibi, M.R. Ardakani, F. Paknejad, and F. Rejali. 2010. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to inoculation with azotobacter under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science. 7 (3): 265-268.
· Tousi, P., A. Atabaki, and A.R. Pirzad. 2015. Effect of different nitrogen levels on current rate of photosynthesis and dry matter remobilization in two cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processin. 5(17): 97-109.
· Valentine, A.J., P.E. Mortimer, A. Lintnaar, and R. Borga. 2006. Drought responses of arbuscular mycorrhiza grapevines. Symbiosis. 41:127-133.
· Wu, S.C., Z.H. Cao, Z.G. Li, K.C. Cheung, and M.H. Wong. 2005. Effects of bio fertilizers containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizer and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma. 125: 155-166.
· Yaniv, Z., E. Shabelsky, and D. Schafferman. 1999. Colocynt h: Potential arid land oilseed from on ancient cucurbit ASHS press. Alexandria, VA., 257-261.
· Yasari, E., M.R. Azadgoleh, S. Mozafari, and M. Alashti. 2009. Enhancement of growth and nutrient uptake of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by applying mineral nutrients and bio fertilizers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 15: 12(2): 127-33.
· Bremner, J.M., and C.S. Mulvaney. 1982. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 595-624.
· Brundrett, M. 2002. Introduction to mycorrhizas. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products. http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/index.html
Zlatko, S., and R. Zdenko. 2006. Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in canola cultivars at rain harvest. Plant and Soil. 283: 299-307.
· Amanolahi-Baharvand, Z., H. Zahedi, and M. Rafiee. 2014. Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on growth parameters of three corn cultivars. Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture. 9(9): 22-26.
· Aslani, Z., A. Hassani, M.H. Rasouli Sadaghiani, F. Sefidkan, and M. Brin. 2011. The effects of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) on the growth, chlorophyll content and phosphorus uptake of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 53(3): 486-471. (In Persian)
· Ekram, A.M., and A.M. Salem. 2010. Response of Canola (Brassica napus L.) to biofertilizers under Egyptian conditions in newly reclaimed soil. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 2(1): 12-17.
· Gaur, A.C. 2001. Effects of azotobacterizationon the yield of canola (Brassica napus L.): Laboratory experiment. Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 19-22.
· Gupta, M.L., A. Prasad, M. Rama, and S. Kumar. 2002. Effect of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Golomus fasicclatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crop of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresourcue Technology. 81: 77-79.
· Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A., and H. Javadi. 2016. Study on the effects of inoculation with biofirtilizers (azotobacter and azospirillum) and nitrogen application on oil, yield and yield components of spring canola in West Azerbaijan. Journal of Crop Production and Processin. 5(18): 39-50.
· Heshmati, S., M. Amini Dehaghi, and K. Fathi Amirkhiz. 2016. Effect of chemical and biological phosphorus on antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical traits of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processin. 6(19): 203-214.
· Kader, M.A., M.H. Main, and M.S. Hoque. 2002. Effects of azotobacter inoculant on the yield nitrogen uptake by wheat. Online Journal of Biological Sciences. 2(4): 259-261.
· Kannayan, S. 2002. Biofertilizers for sustainable crop production, pp: 9-49.in: Biotechnology of biofertilizers. Es. Kannayam, Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, India.
· Kapoor, R., B. Giri, and K.G. Mukerjik. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality Infoeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with p-fertiliser. Biresourc Technology. 93: 307-3110.
· Khan, A., M.I. Khan and S. Riaz. 2000. Correlation and path coefficient analysis contributing parameters in Brassica napus. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research. 16: 127-130.
· Kizhaeral, S.S., J.S. Virgine Tenshia, K. Jayalakshmi, and V. Ramachandran. 2011. Antioxidant enzyme activities in arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) fungus inoculated and non-inoculated maize plants under zinc deficiency. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 51(1): 37–43.
· Malakoti, M., and M. Homayee. 2006. Fertility dry land soil. Tarbyat Modaress University Press. Tehran. (In Persian).
· Martin, X.M., C.S. Sumathi, and V.R. Kannan. 2011. Influence of agrochemicals and Azotobacter sp. application on soil fertility in relation to maize growth under nursery conditions. European Asian Journal of Biosciences. 5: 19-28.
· Mostafavian, S.R., H. Pirdashti, M.R. Ramzanpour, A. Andarkhor, and A. Shahsavari. 2008. Effect of mycorrhizae, thiobacillus and sulfur nutrition on the chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 11(6): 826-835.
· Nosheen, A., A. Bano, and F. Ullah. 2013. Bioinoculants: A sustainable approach to maximize the yield of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.) under low input of chemical fertilizers. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 29: 3-13.
· Omidi, A., M. Mirzakhani, and M.R. Ardakani. 2014. Evaluation of the qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by azotobacter and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Journal of Agroecology. 6(2): 324-338. (In Persian).
· Ozer, H. 2003. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy. 19: 453-463.
· Rafiee, M. 2018. Seed bet preparation and planting of canola for farmers. Jahad-e-Keshavarzi education press. 53 p. (In Persian).
· Rokhzadi, A., A. Asgharzadeh, F. darvish, Gh. Nour-Mohammadi, and A. Majidi. 2008. Influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on dry matter accumulation and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under field condition. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science. 3(2): 253-257.
· Ruiz-Lozno, J.M. 2003. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and alleviation of osmotic stress. New perspectives for molecular studies. Mycorrhiza. 13: 309-317.
· Sinaki, J.M., E. Majidi Heravan, A.H. Shirani Rad, Gh. Noormohamadi, and G. Zarei. 2007. The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agriculture Science. 2: 417-422. (In Persian).
· Smith, S.E., and D. Read. 2008. Mycorrhiza symbiosis. Third Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
· Smith, S.E., and F.A. Smith. 2011. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystems scales. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 63: 227–250
· Soleimanzadeh, H., D. Habibi, M.R. Ardakani, F. Paknejad, and F. Rejali. 2010. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to inoculation with azotobacter under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science. 7 (3): 265-268.
· Tousi, P., A. Atabaki, and A.R. Pirzad. 2015. Effect of different nitrogen levels on current rate of photosynthesis and dry matter remobilization in two cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processin. 5(17): 97-109.
· Valentine, A.J., P.E. Mortimer, A. Lintnaar, and R. Borga. 2006. Drought responses of arbuscular mycorrhiza grapevines. Symbiosis. 41:127-133.
· Wu, S.C., Z.H. Cao, Z.G. Li, K.C. Cheung, and M.H. Wong. 2005. Effects of bio fertilizers containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizer and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma. 125: 155-166.
· Yaniv, Z., E. Shabelsky, and D. Schafferman. 1999. Colocynt h: Potential arid land oilseed from on ancient cucurbit ASHS press. Alexandria, VA., 257-261.
· Yasari, E., M.R. Azadgoleh, S. Mozafari, and M. Alashti. 2009. Enhancement of growth and nutrient uptake of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by applying mineral nutrients and bio fertilizers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 15: 12(2): 127-33.
· Bremner, J.M., and C.S. Mulvaney. 1982. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 595-624.
· Brundrett, M. 2002. Introduction to mycorrhizas. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products. http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/index.html
Zlatko, S., and R. Zdenko. 2006. Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in canola cultivars at rain harvest. Plant and Soil. 283: 299-307.