امکان سنجی افزایش کارآیی مصرف آب تحت تاثیر الگوی کاشت وآبیاری موضعی با مصرف بیوچار در زراعت آویشن (.Thymus vulgaris L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیکیومرث فخری 1 , سعید سیف‌زاده 2 , منصور سراجوقی 3 , سیدعلیرضا ولدآبادی 4 , اسماعیل حدیدی ماسوله 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، واحد تاکستان، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تاکستان، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه زراعت، واحد تاکستان، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تاکستان، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
4 - دانشیار گروه زراعت، واحد تاکستان، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تاکستان، ایران
5 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد تاکستان، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تاکستان، ایران
کلید واژه: کم آبیاری, عملکرد اسانس, تراکم گیاهی, سرشاخه گل‌دار,
چکیده مقاله :
با توجه به کمبود آب در بخش کشاورزی و اهمیت آن در تولید گیاه دارویی آویشن، مدیریت مصرف آب جهت توسعه کشت آن ضروری به نظر می رسد. به این منظور در آزمایشی تأثیر رژیم آبیاری، الگوی کشت و کاربرد بیوچار بر رشد و عملکرد گیاه آویشن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. عوامل آزمایش شامل رژیم آبیاری در سه سطح (آبیاری تمامی جویچه ها، آبیاری جویچهها به‌صورت یک‌درمیان ثابت و یک‌درمیان متغیر)، بیوچار در دو سطح (عدم کاربرد بیوچار یا شاهد و کاربرد بیوچار به میزان هشت تن در هکتار) و الگوی کاشت در دو سطح (کشت یک ردیفه و دو ردیفه آویشن) بودند. این آزمایش در دو سال زراعی 1397-1396 و 1398-1397 و به‌صورت آزمایش کرت‌های یک‌بار خردشده بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد سرشاخه گل‌دار در تیمار آبیاری تمامی جویچهها + کاربرد بیوچار با میانگین 1701 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد. در این بررسی بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد اسانس به ترتیب با 24.7 و 11.6 کیلوگرم در هکتار در آبیاری جویچهها به‌صورت یک‌درمیان ثابت + کاربرد بیوچار + کشت دو ردیفه آویشن و آبیاری جویچهها به‌صورت یک‌درمیان متغیر + عدم کاربرد بیوچار + کشت دو ردیفه آویشن به دست آمد. در کل، علی‌رغم کاهش رشد و عملکرد ماده خشک آویشن، تیمار‌های آبیاری جویچهها به‌صورت یک‌درمیان متغیر با افزایش قابل‌ملاحظه درصد اسانس و کاهش مصرف آب، باعث افزایش عملکرد اسانس شد. استفاده از بیوچار هم درشرایط کم آبیاری و هم آبیاری کامل بر تمامی صفات رویشی و عملکردی آویشن اثر مثبتی داشت.
The purpose of this field was to study the effect of biochar application and different planting patterns in different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of thyme essential oil. The studied treatments include irrigation (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of furrows as one in constant and one in variable (biochar (non-application of biochar and application of biochar at 8 tons per hectare) and planting pattern (single row cultivation) Thyme and cultivation of two rows of thyme) on the growth and yield of the thyme plant. This experiment was carried out in two cropping years of 1397 and 1398 in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest yield of flowering branches was obtained in the treatment of irrigation of all furrows + application of biochar with mean of 1701 kg. ha-1. In this study, the highest yield of essential oil with 24.7 kg. ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of furrow irrigation as a constant interval + application of biochar + cultivation of two rows of thyme. Based on the results of this study, the application of biochar and two-row cultivation caused a significant increase in the yield of thyme essential oil. In general, despite the decrease in growth and yield of thyme dry matter, furrow irrigation treatments as one-to-one variables increased essential oil yield by significantly increasing the percentage of essential oil and reducing water consumption. Biochar treatment also had a positive effect on all vegetative and functional traits of thyme.
Abdipour, M., M. Hosseinifarahi, and S. 2019. Effects of humic acid and cow manure biochar (cmb) in culture medium on growth and mineral concentrations of basil plant. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6: 27-38. doi:10.22059/ijhst.2019.279022.287.
Bebeley, H.A., P. Tongor Mabey, and P. Emmanuel Norman. 2021. Effects of Biochar, plant density and spacing on growth and yield of rice in a tropical inland valley swamp. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 7(2): 77-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20210702.11.
Biederman, L.A., and W.S. Harpole. 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling, a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 5:202-214. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12037.
Deepak, G., B. Bansal, S. Aditi Thakur, S. Singh, M. Bakshi, and S. Bansal. 2019. Changes in crop physiology under drought stress: A review. Journal of Pharmacog-nosy and Phytochemistry. 8(4): 1251-1253.
Dong, D., C. Wang, L. van-Zwieten, H. Wang, P. Jiang, M. Zhou, and W. Wu. 2020. An effective biochar-based slow-release fertilizer for reducing nitrogen loss in paddy fields. Journal of Soils Sediments. 20: 3027-3040. doi:1007/s11368-019-02401-8.
Domagalska M.A., and O. Leyser. 2011. Signal integration in the control of shoot branching. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12(4): 211-21. doi:10.1038/nrm3088.
Farrell, M., T.K. Kuhn, L.M. Macdonald, T.M. Maddern, D.V. Murphy, P.A. Hall, B.P. Singh, K. Baumann, E.S. Krull, and J.A. Baldock. 2013. Microbial utilization of biochar-derived carbon. Science of the Total Environment. 465: 288-297. doi: 1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.090.
Fathi, A., and D. Barari Tari. 2016. Effect of drought stress and its mechanism in plants. International Journal of Life Sciences. 10(1): 1 - 6. doi:3126/ijls .v10i1. 14509.
Hazzoumi, Z., Y. Moustakime, E. Elharchli, and K. Amrani Joutei. 2015. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and water stress on growth, phenolic compounds, glandular hairs, and yield of essential oil in basil (Ocimum gratissimum L). Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2(10): 1-11. doi:10.1186/s40538-015-0035-3.
Jogawat, A., B. Yadav, C.N. Lakra, A. Kumar Singh, and O. Prakash Narayan. 2020. Crosstalk between phytohormones and secondary metabolites in the drought stress tolerance of crop plants: A review. Physiologia Plantarum. 2021: 1–27. doi:1111/ppl.13328.
Jameson, P.E. 2017. Cytokinins. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences. 1: 391-402. doi: 1016/B978-0-12-394807-6.00102-7.
Kameyama, K., T. Miyamoto, and T. Shiono. 2014. Influent of biochar incorporation 487 on TDR-based soil water content measurements. European Journal of Soil Science. 65(1): 105-112. doi:1111/ejss.12083.
Lori, A., B. Iederman, and W. Stanley Harpole. 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 5: 202-214. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12037.
Lotfi, A., A. Farnia, A. Maleki, R. Naseri, M. Moradi, M. Ghasemi and V. Yari. 2013. The effects of planting date and plant spacing on yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). The 13th Conference of Agricultural Science and Plant Breeding of Iran and the 3rd Conference of Iran Seed Science and Technolog. 2 (7): 78-84.
Masjedi, A., A. Shokoohfar and M. Alavai-Fazel. 2008. Determination of the best irrigation interval for maize (SC704) and evaluation of drought stress on yields using clay pan evapotranspiration class A. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 12 (46): 543-551. (In Persian).
Spies, J.M. 2009. The effect of field pea (Pisum sativum) basal branching on optimal plant density and crop competitiveness. Thesis. University of Saskatche -wan. USA.
Malinska, K. 2015. Legal and quality aspects of requirements defined for biochar. In˙Zynieria i Ochrona´ Srodowiska. 18 (3): 359-371. (In Polish).
Moaveni, P., H.A. Farahani, and K. Maroufi. 2011. Effects of sowing date and planting density on quantity and quality features in thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Advances in Environmental Biology. 5: 1706-1710.
Noguera, D., S. Barot, and K.R. Laossi. 2012. Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 52: 13-20. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004.
Punetha, A., A. Chauhana, D. Kumara, R.K. Upadhyay, and C. Padalia. 2022. Productivity and essential oil quality of Himalayan Thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) in relation to plant densities and drying methods. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 34 (3): 262-269. doi: 10.1080/10412 905.2022.2036645.
Rogovska, N., D.A. Laird, S.J. Rathke, and D.L. Karlen. 2014. Biochar impact on Midwestern Mollisols and maize nutrient availability. Geoderma. 230-231: 34-347. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.009.
Sharifi, P., M. Seyedsalehi, O. Paladino, and G.Z. Kyzas. 2017. Investigation of morphological and phytochemical changes and tolerance threshold of chamomile under drought stress conditions. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology. 5: 85-91.
Toork, Z., M. Mirza, and B. Abbaszadeh. 2015. The effect of drought stress on traits of Salvia Sclarea. 4 th National Congress on Medicinal Plants. 12 may. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Vanek, S.J., and J. Lehmann. 2015. Phosphorus availability to beans via interactions between mycorrhizas and biochar. Plant and Soil. 395: 105-123. doi:10.1007/s11 104-014-2246-y.
Yadav, A.N., and N. Yadav. 2018. Stress-adaptive microbes for plant growth promotion and alleviation of drought stress in plants. Acta Scientific Agriculture. 2: 56-67.
Yaghoubian, I., Y. Raei, and K. Ghassemi-Golezani. 2016. Influence of hydro-priming duration on morpho-physiological traits of milk thistle under water stress. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 9: 177-184.
_||_Abdipour, M., M. Hosseinifarahi, and S. 2019. Effects of humic acid and cow manure biochar (cmb) in culture medium on growth and mineral concentrations of basil plant. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6: 27-38. doi:10.22059/ijhst.2019.279022.287.
Bebeley, H.A., P. Tongor Mabey, and P. Emmanuel Norman. 2021. Effects of Biochar, plant density and spacing on growth and yield of rice in a tropical inland valley swamp. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 7(2): 77-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20210702.11.
Biederman, L.A., and W.S. Harpole. 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling, a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 5:202-214. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12037.
Deepak, G., B. Bansal, S. Aditi Thakur, S. Singh, M. Bakshi, and S. Bansal. 2019. Changes in crop physiology under drought stress: A review. Journal of Pharmacog-nosy and Phytochemistry. 8(4): 1251-1253.
Dong, D., C. Wang, L. van-Zwieten, H. Wang, P. Jiang, M. Zhou, and W. Wu. 2020. An effective biochar-based slow-release fertilizer for reducing nitrogen loss in paddy fields. Journal of Soils Sediments. 20: 3027-3040. doi:1007/s11368-019-02401-8.
Domagalska M.A., and O. Leyser. 2011. Signal integration in the control of shoot branching. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12(4): 211-21. doi:10.1038/nrm3088.
Farrell, M., T.K. Kuhn, L.M. Macdonald, T.M. Maddern, D.V. Murphy, P.A. Hall, B.P. Singh, K. Baumann, E.S. Krull, and J.A. Baldock. 2013. Microbial utilization of biochar-derived carbon. Science of the Total Environment. 465: 288-297. doi: 1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.090.
Fathi, A., and D. Barari Tari. 2016. Effect of drought stress and its mechanism in plants. International Journal of Life Sciences. 10(1): 1 - 6. doi:3126/ijls .v10i1. 14509.
Hazzoumi, Z., Y. Moustakime, E. Elharchli, and K. Amrani Joutei. 2015. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and water stress on growth, phenolic compounds, glandular hairs, and yield of essential oil in basil (Ocimum gratissimum L). Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2(10): 1-11. doi:10.1186/s40538-015-0035-3.
Jogawat, A., B. Yadav, C.N. Lakra, A. Kumar Singh, and O. Prakash Narayan. 2020. Crosstalk between phytohormones and secondary metabolites in the drought stress tolerance of crop plants: A review. Physiologia Plantarum. 2021: 1–27. doi:1111/ppl.13328.
Jameson, P.E. 2017. Cytokinins. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences. 1: 391-402. doi: 1016/B978-0-12-394807-6.00102-7.
Kameyama, K., T. Miyamoto, and T. Shiono. 2014. Influent of biochar incorporation 487 on TDR-based soil water content measurements. European Journal of Soil Science. 65(1): 105-112. doi:1111/ejss.12083.
Lori, A., B. Iederman, and W. Stanley Harpole. 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 5: 202-214. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12037.
Lotfi, A., A. Farnia, A. Maleki, R. Naseri, M. Moradi, M. Ghasemi and V. Yari. 2013. The effects of planting date and plant spacing on yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). The 13th Conference of Agricultural Science and Plant Breeding of Iran and the 3rd Conference of Iran Seed Science and Technolog. 2 (7): 78-84.
Masjedi, A., A. Shokoohfar and M. Alavai-Fazel. 2008. Determination of the best irrigation interval for maize (SC704) and evaluation of drought stress on yields using clay pan evapotranspiration class A. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 12 (46): 543-551. (In Persian).
Spies, J.M. 2009. The effect of field pea (Pisum sativum) basal branching on optimal plant density and crop competitiveness. Thesis. University of Saskatche -wan. USA.
Malinska, K. 2015. Legal and quality aspects of requirements defined for biochar. In˙Zynieria i Ochrona´ Srodowiska. 18 (3): 359-371. (In Polish).
Moaveni, P., H.A. Farahani, and K. Maroufi. 2011. Effects of sowing date and planting density on quantity and quality features in thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Advances in Environmental Biology. 5: 1706-1710.
Noguera, D., S. Barot, and K.R. Laossi. 2012. Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 52: 13-20. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004.
Punetha, A., A. Chauhana, D. Kumara, R.K. Upadhyay, and C. Padalia. 2022. Productivity and essential oil quality of Himalayan Thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) in relation to plant densities and drying methods. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 34 (3): 262-269. doi: 10.1080/10412 905.2022.2036645.
Rogovska, N., D.A. Laird, S.J. Rathke, and D.L. Karlen. 2014. Biochar impact on Midwestern Mollisols and maize nutrient availability. Geoderma. 230-231: 34-347. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.009.
Sharifi, P., M. Seyedsalehi, O. Paladino, and G.Z. Kyzas. 2017. Investigation of morphological and phytochemical changes and tolerance threshold of chamomile under drought stress conditions. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology. 5: 85-91.
Toork, Z., M. Mirza, and B. Abbaszadeh. 2015. The effect of drought stress on traits of Salvia Sclarea. 4 th National Congress on Medicinal Plants. 12 may. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Vanek, S.J., and J. Lehmann. 2015. Phosphorus availability to beans via interactions between mycorrhizas and biochar. Plant and Soil. 395: 105-123. doi:10.1007/s11 104-014-2246-y.
Yadav, A.N., and N. Yadav. 2018. Stress-adaptive microbes for plant growth promotion and alleviation of drought stress in plants. Acta Scientific Agriculture. 2: 56-67.
Yaghoubian, I., Y. Raei, and K. Ghassemi-Golezani. 2016. Influence of hydro-priming duration on morpho-physiological traits of milk thistle under water stress. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 9: 177-184.