تاثیر گیاهان پوششی بر عملکرد و کنترل علف‌های هرز سیب زمینی (.Solanum tuberosum L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیصغری قهرمانی 1 , علی عبادی 2 , احمد توبه 3 , مسعود هاشمی 4 , محمد صدقی 5 , عبدالقیوم قلی پوری 6
1 - دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2 - استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
4 - استاد گروه علوم خاک، فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشگاه ماساچوست، آمریکا
5 - استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
6 - دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
کلید واژه: بازارپسندی, کشت مخلوط, تک‌کشتی, تولید ارگانیک سیب‌زمینی,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده از یک روش مدیریت موثر می تواند سبب کاهش آلودگی علف های هرز در محصولات زراعی شود. به منظور بررسی تاثیر گیاهان پوششی بر عملکرد و کنترل علف های هرز سیب زمینی آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال 97 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کشت گیاهان پوششی زمستانه یولاف (Avena sativa L.)، ترب سفید (Raphanus sativus L.)، کشت مخلوط دوگانه با نسبت بذر 50 درصد و تیمار شـاهد در پاییـز سال 1396 و کاشت سیب زمینی متعاقب آن در سال 1397 بود. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که گیاهان پوششی اثر معنی داری برکاهش زیست توده سلمه تره، تاج خروس، و مجموع زیست توده علف های هرز در محصول اصلی (سیب زمینی) داشتند، ولی بر روی برخی علف های هرز (از جمله کنگروحشی) تاثیر معنی داری نداشت. بیشترین زیست توده تولیدی (1/466 گرم در مترمربع) در بین گیاهان پوششی و همچنین کمترین زیست توده علف های هرز زمستانه مربوطبهتک کشتی ترب سفید بود. کمترین زیست توده علف هرز تاج خروس و زیست توده کل علف های هرز از گیاه پوششی ترب سفیدوکمترین زیست تودهسلمه تره ازتیمار ترب سفید+یولاف به دست آمد. ترب سفید 7/45 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد مجموع زیست توده علف های هرز را کنترل کرد. بالاترین عملکرد و وزن متوسط غده، درصد بازارپسندی و همچنین کمترین میزان بذور ریز سیب زمینی را تیمار ترب سفید به خود اختصاص داد. ترب سفید با 74/3 کیلوگرم در مترمربع دارای بالاترین عملکرد بود که نسبت به تیمار شاهد 3/46 درصد باعث افزایش عملکرد شد. بیشترین تعداد غده سیب زمینی از تیمار یولاف به دست آمد. کشت مخلوط ترب سفید با یولاف نیز دارای بیشترین درصد بذور درشت بود. به طورکلی، ترب سفید می تواند، چه به صورت مخلوط با تیره گرامینه و چه به صورت تک کشتی، گزینه مناسبی از گیاهان پوششی زمستانه قبل از کشت سیب زمینی باشد.
Using an effective management method can reduce weed contamination of main crop plants. To investigate the effect of cover crops on weed control and potato yield an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in autumn of 2017 and spring of 2018. Experimental treatments consisted of oat (Avena sativa L.), white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and double blend cultivation with 50% seed ratio and control treatment at 2017 (autumn) and subsequent potato planting in 2018 (spring). The results showed that the cover crops had a significant effect on lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), Amaranthus retroflexus L. and total weeds biomass in the main crop (potato) but not on other weeds (including Cirsium arvense L.). The highest biomass (466.1 g.m-2) among the cover crops and the lowest winter weeds biomass were related to white radish monoculture. The lowest weed biomass of amaranthus and total weeds biomass were obtained from white radish, and the lowest biomass of lambsquarter was obtained from white radish+oat. White radish was able to control 45.7% of total weed biomasses compared to control treatment. The highest yield and average tuber weight, marketable percentage and the lowest small potato tubers were obtained by white radish. White radish had the highest yield (3.74 kg.m-2), which increased potato yield by 46.3%, as compared to the control treatment. The highest number of potato tubers was obtained from oat as cover crop. Growing white radish along with oats also had the highest percentage of oversize tubers. In general, white radish can be a good choice to be used for winter cover crop before potato planting, either as a intercropping with Poaceae species or as a monoculture.
· Akbari, P., S.J. Herbert, M. Hashemi, A.V. Barker, and O.R. Zandvakili. 2019. Role of cover crops and planting dates for improved weed suppression and nitrogen recovery in notill systems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 50(14): 1722-1731.
· Banman, D.T. 2001. Competitive suppression of weeds in a leek-celery intercropping system. Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University. The Netherlands.
· Bezuidenhout, S.R., C.F. Reinhardt, and M.I. Whitwell. 2012. Cover crops of oats, stooling rye and three annual ryegrass cultivars influence maize and Cyperus esculentus growth. Weed Research Journal. 52(2): 153–160.
· Bilalis, D.J., R.J. Froud-Williams, I. Eleftherohorinos, A. Karkanis, and A. Efthimiadou. 2012. Effects of organic and inorganic amendments on weed management in sweet maize. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 6(3): 291-307.
· Blackshaw, R.E. 2008. Agronomic merits of cereal cover crops in dry bean production systems in western Canada. Crop Protection. 27: 208-214.
· Blanco-Canqui, H., J.D. Holman, A.J. Schlegel, J. Tatarko, and T. Shaver. 2013. Replacing fallow with cover crops in a semiarid soil: Effects on soil properties. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 77: 1026–1034.
· Boyd, N.S., E.B. Brennan, R.F. Smith, and R. Yokota. 2009. Effect of seeding rate and planting arrangement on rye cover crop and weed growth. Agronomy Journal. 101: 47–50.
· Brainard, D.C., R.R. Bellinder, and V. Kumar. 2011. Grass–legume mixtures and soil fertility affect cover crop performance and weed seed production. Weed Technology. 25: 473–479
· Brust, J., W. Claupein, and R. Gerhards. 2014. Growth and weed suppression ability of common and new covercrops in Germany. Crop Protection. 63: 1–8.
· Büchia, L., M. Wendlinga, C. Amosséa, B. Jeangrosa, and R. Charles. 2019. Cover crops to secure weed control strategies in a maize crop with reduced tillage. Field Crops Research. Available online 26 July 2019, Article 107583.
· Chen, H.L., X.H. Tian, X.F. Wang, Y.X. Cao, Y.H. Wu, and Z.H. Wang. 2010. Effects of different cultivation models on soil water, soil temperature and yield during the winter wheat growth in the Weibei Dry Highland. Acta Ecologica Sinca. 30: 2424– 2433.
· Clark, A. 2007. Managing cover crops profitably, 3rd Edition: Beltsville, Maryland: Sustainable Agriculture Network. USDA-SARE. 244 Pages.
· Dean, J.E., and R.R. Weil. 2009. Brassica cover crops for nitrogen retention in the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain. Journal of Environmental Quality. 38: 520-528.
· Delgado, J.A., M.A. Dillon, R.T. Sparks, and S.Y.C. Essah. 2007. A decade of advances in cover crops. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 62: 110–117.
· Essah, S.Y.G., J.A. Delgado, M. Dillon, and R. Sparks. 2012. Cover crops can improve potato tuber yield and quality. Hort Technology. 22(2): 185-190.
· Farooq, M., K. Jabran, Z.A. Cheema, A. Wahid, and K.H.M. Siddique. 2011. The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science. 67: 493–506.
· Ghafari, M., G. Ahmadvand, M.R. Ardakani, N. Keshavarz, and E. Nadali. 2012. Ecological control of weed by cover crops: effect on winter weed and weed stabilized in potato culture. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(1): 247-255. (In Persian)
· Ghorbani, R., M.H. Rashed Mohassel, S.A. Hosseini, S.K. Mousavi, and K. Hajmohammadian Ghalibaf. 2009. Sustainable weed management. FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
· Grimmer, O.P., and J.B. Masiunas. 2004. Evaluation of winter-killed cover crops preceding snap pea. Horticulture Technology. 14: 349–355.
· Hamzei, J., M. Seyedi, and M. Babaei. 2016. Competitive ability of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) cultivars to weed interference under rain-fed conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 8(1): 82-94. (In Persian)
· Jabran, K. 2017. Manipulation of allelopathic crops for weed control. Springer Briefs in plant Science, Springer Nature International Publishing, AG, Switzerland. 87pp.
· Jabran, K., G. Mahajan, V. Sardana, and B.S. Chauhan. 2015. Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Protection. 72: 57–65.
· Jahanzad, E., A.V. Barker, M. Hashemi, A. Sadeghpour, and T. Eaton. 2017. Forage radish and winter pea cover crops outperformed rye in a potato cropping system. Soil Fertility and Crop Nutrition. 109(2): 1–8.
· Kakaeian, A.M., G. Mohammadi, M.E. Ghobadi, and A. Najaphy. 2015. Effects of rye and common vetch cover crops as pure and mixed on soil physicochemical characteristics. Agricultural Science Sustainable Production. 25(2): 47-64. (In Persian).
· Kaluwasha, W., R.J. Kremer, J.D. Mihail, M. Lin, and X. Xiong. 2019. Use of cover crops in organic sweet potato production to improve yield: A case report. Modern Concepts and Developments in Agronomy. 4(5): 483-487.
· Kristensen, H.L., and K. Thorup-Kristensen. 2004. Root growth and nitrate uptake of three different catch crops in deep soil layers. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 68: 529–537.
· Korres, N.E., and J.K. Norsworthy. 2015. Influence of a rye cover crop on the critical period for weed control in cotton. Weed Science. 63: 346–352.
· Kunz, C., D.J. Sturm, D. Varnholt, F. Walker, and R. Gerhards. 2016. Allelopathic effects and weed suppressive ability of cover crops. Plant, Soil and Environment. 62: 60–66.
· Lawley, Y.E., J.R. Teasdale, and R.R. Weil. 2012. The mechanism for weed suppression by a forage radish cover crop. Agronomy Journal. 104: 205–214.
· Lawley, Y.E., R.R. Weil, and J.R. Teasdale. 2011. Forage radish winter cover crops suppress winter annual weeds in fall and before corn planting. Agronomy Journal. 103: 137–144.
· Malik, M.S., J.K. Norsworthy, A.S. Culpepper, M.B. Riley, and W. Bridges. 2008. Use of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and rye cover crops for weed suppression in sweet corn. Weed Science. 56: 588–595.
· McDaniel, M., L. Tiemann, and A.S. Grandy. 2014. Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis. Ecological Applications. 24: 560–570.
· Mutegi, J.K., B.M. Petersen, and L.J. Munkholm. 2013. Carbon turnover and sequestration potential of fodder radish cover crop. Soil Use Management. 29:191–198.
· Ngouajio, M., and H. Mennan. 2005. Weed populations and pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus) yield under summer and winter cover crop systems. Crop Protection. 24: 521–526.
· Nichols, V., N. Verhulst, R. Cox, and B. Govaerts. 2015. Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review. Field Crops Research. 183: 56–68.
· O’Reilly, K.A., D.E. Robinson, R.J. Vyn, and L.L. van Eerd. 2011. Weed populations, sweet corn yield, and economics following fall cover crops. Weed Technology. 25(3): 374-384.
· Peachey, R.E., R.D. William, and C. Mallory-Smith. 2004. Effect of no-till or conventional planting and cover crops residues on weed emergence in vegetable row crop. Weed Technology. 18: 1023–1030.
· Potter, T.L., D.D. Bosch, H.H. Joo, B.B. Schaffer, and R.R. Muñoz-Carpena. 2007. Summer cover crops reduce atrazine leaching to shallow groundwater in Southern Florida. Journal of Environmental Quality. 36: 1301-1309.
· Ramos, M.E., E. Ben'tez, P.A. Garcia, and A.B. Robles. 2010. Cover crops under different managements vs. frequent tillage in almond orchards in semiarid conditions: effects on soil quality. Applied Soil Ecology. 44: 6-14.
· Ranjbar, M., B. Samedani, H. Rahimian-Mashhadi, M.R. Jahansoz, and R. Bihamta. 2007. Influence of winter cover crops on weed control and tomato yield. Pajouhsh and Sazandegi. 74: 24-33. (In Persian).
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· Tursun, N., D. Işık, Z. Demir, and K. Jabran. 2018. Use of living, mowed, and soil-incorporated cover crops for weed control in apricot orchards. Agronomy Journal. 8: 150-158.
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· Weil, R., and A. Kremen. 2007. Thinking across and beyond disciplines to make cover crops pay. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 87: 551-557.
· Weil, R., C. White, and Y. Lawley. 2009. Forage radish: A new multi-purpose cover crop for the Mid-Atlantic. Fact Sheet 824. Maryland Cooperative Extension. College Park. 6pp.
· White, C.M., and R.R. Weil. 2011. Forage radish cover crops increase soil test phosphorus surrounding holes created by radish taproots. Soil Science Society of America Journal.75: 121–130.
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_||_· Akbari, P., S.J. Herbert, M. Hashemi, A.V. Barker, and O.R. Zandvakili. 2019. Role of cover crops and planting dates for improved weed suppression and nitrogen recovery in notill systems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 50(14): 1722-1731.
· Banman, D.T. 2001. Competitive suppression of weeds in a leek-celery intercropping system. Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University. The Netherlands.
· Bezuidenhout, S.R., C.F. Reinhardt, and M.I. Whitwell. 2012. Cover crops of oats, stooling rye and three annual ryegrass cultivars influence maize and Cyperus esculentus growth. Weed Research Journal. 52(2): 153–160.
· Bilalis, D.J., R.J. Froud-Williams, I. Eleftherohorinos, A. Karkanis, and A. Efthimiadou. 2012. Effects of organic and inorganic amendments on weed management in sweet maize. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 6(3): 291-307.
· Blackshaw, R.E. 2008. Agronomic merits of cereal cover crops in dry bean production systems in western Canada. Crop Protection. 27: 208-214.
· Blanco-Canqui, H., J.D. Holman, A.J. Schlegel, J. Tatarko, and T. Shaver. 2013. Replacing fallow with cover crops in a semiarid soil: Effects on soil properties. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 77: 1026–1034.
· Boyd, N.S., E.B. Brennan, R.F. Smith, and R. Yokota. 2009. Effect of seeding rate and planting arrangement on rye cover crop and weed growth. Agronomy Journal. 101: 47–50.
· Brainard, D.C., R.R. Bellinder, and V. Kumar. 2011. Grass–legume mixtures and soil fertility affect cover crop performance and weed seed production. Weed Technology. 25: 473–479
· Brust, J., W. Claupein, and R. Gerhards. 2014. Growth and weed suppression ability of common and new covercrops in Germany. Crop Protection. 63: 1–8.
· Büchia, L., M. Wendlinga, C. Amosséa, B. Jeangrosa, and R. Charles. 2019. Cover crops to secure weed control strategies in a maize crop with reduced tillage. Field Crops Research. Available online 26 July 2019, Article 107583.
· Chen, H.L., X.H. Tian, X.F. Wang, Y.X. Cao, Y.H. Wu, and Z.H. Wang. 2010. Effects of different cultivation models on soil water, soil temperature and yield during the winter wheat growth in the Weibei Dry Highland. Acta Ecologica Sinca. 30: 2424– 2433.
· Clark, A. 2007. Managing cover crops profitably, 3rd Edition: Beltsville, Maryland: Sustainable Agriculture Network. USDA-SARE. 244 Pages.
· Dean, J.E., and R.R. Weil. 2009. Brassica cover crops for nitrogen retention in the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain. Journal of Environmental Quality. 38: 520-528.
· Delgado, J.A., M.A. Dillon, R.T. Sparks, and S.Y.C. Essah. 2007. A decade of advances in cover crops. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 62: 110–117.
· Essah, S.Y.G., J.A. Delgado, M. Dillon, and R. Sparks. 2012. Cover crops can improve potato tuber yield and quality. Hort Technology. 22(2): 185-190.
· Farooq, M., K. Jabran, Z.A. Cheema, A. Wahid, and K.H.M. Siddique. 2011. The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science. 67: 493–506.
· Ghafari, M., G. Ahmadvand, M.R. Ardakani, N. Keshavarz, and E. Nadali. 2012. Ecological control of weed by cover crops: effect on winter weed and weed stabilized in potato culture. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(1): 247-255. (In Persian)
· Ghorbani, R., M.H. Rashed Mohassel, S.A. Hosseini, S.K. Mousavi, and K. Hajmohammadian Ghalibaf. 2009. Sustainable weed management. FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
· Grimmer, O.P., and J.B. Masiunas. 2004. Evaluation of winter-killed cover crops preceding snap pea. Horticulture Technology. 14: 349–355.
· Hamzei, J., M. Seyedi, and M. Babaei. 2016. Competitive ability of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) cultivars to weed interference under rain-fed conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 8(1): 82-94. (In Persian)
· Jabran, K. 2017. Manipulation of allelopathic crops for weed control. Springer Briefs in plant Science, Springer Nature International Publishing, AG, Switzerland. 87pp.
· Jabran, K., G. Mahajan, V. Sardana, and B.S. Chauhan. 2015. Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Protection. 72: 57–65.
· Jahanzad, E., A.V. Barker, M. Hashemi, A. Sadeghpour, and T. Eaton. 2017. Forage radish and winter pea cover crops outperformed rye in a potato cropping system. Soil Fertility and Crop Nutrition. 109(2): 1–8.
· Kakaeian, A.M., G. Mohammadi, M.E. Ghobadi, and A. Najaphy. 2015. Effects of rye and common vetch cover crops as pure and mixed on soil physicochemical characteristics. Agricultural Science Sustainable Production. 25(2): 47-64. (In Persian).
· Kaluwasha, W., R.J. Kremer, J.D. Mihail, M. Lin, and X. Xiong. 2019. Use of cover crops in organic sweet potato production to improve yield: A case report. Modern Concepts and Developments in Agronomy. 4(5): 483-487.
· Kristensen, H.L., and K. Thorup-Kristensen. 2004. Root growth and nitrate uptake of three different catch crops in deep soil layers. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 68: 529–537.
· Korres, N.E., and J.K. Norsworthy. 2015. Influence of a rye cover crop on the critical period for weed control in cotton. Weed Science. 63: 346–352.
· Kunz, C., D.J. Sturm, D. Varnholt, F. Walker, and R. Gerhards. 2016. Allelopathic effects and weed suppressive ability of cover crops. Plant, Soil and Environment. 62: 60–66.
· Lawley, Y.E., J.R. Teasdale, and R.R. Weil. 2012. The mechanism for weed suppression by a forage radish cover crop. Agronomy Journal. 104: 205–214.
· Lawley, Y.E., R.R. Weil, and J.R. Teasdale. 2011. Forage radish winter cover crops suppress winter annual weeds in fall and before corn planting. Agronomy Journal. 103: 137–144.
· Malik, M.S., J.K. Norsworthy, A.S. Culpepper, M.B. Riley, and W. Bridges. 2008. Use of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and rye cover crops for weed suppression in sweet corn. Weed Science. 56: 588–595.
· McDaniel, M., L. Tiemann, and A.S. Grandy. 2014. Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis. Ecological Applications. 24: 560–570.
· Mutegi, J.K., B.M. Petersen, and L.J. Munkholm. 2013. Carbon turnover and sequestration potential of fodder radish cover crop. Soil Use Management. 29:191–198.
· Ngouajio, M., and H. Mennan. 2005. Weed populations and pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus) yield under summer and winter cover crop systems. Crop Protection. 24: 521–526.
· Nichols, V., N. Verhulst, R. Cox, and B. Govaerts. 2015. Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review. Field Crops Research. 183: 56–68.
· O’Reilly, K.A., D.E. Robinson, R.J. Vyn, and L.L. van Eerd. 2011. Weed populations, sweet corn yield, and economics following fall cover crops. Weed Technology. 25(3): 374-384.
· Peachey, R.E., R.D. William, and C. Mallory-Smith. 2004. Effect of no-till or conventional planting and cover crops residues on weed emergence in vegetable row crop. Weed Technology. 18: 1023–1030.
· Potter, T.L., D.D. Bosch, H.H. Joo, B.B. Schaffer, and R.R. Muñoz-Carpena. 2007. Summer cover crops reduce atrazine leaching to shallow groundwater in Southern Florida. Journal of Environmental Quality. 36: 1301-1309.
· Ramos, M.E., E. Ben'tez, P.A. Garcia, and A.B. Robles. 2010. Cover crops under different managements vs. frequent tillage in almond orchards in semiarid conditions: effects on soil quality. Applied Soil Ecology. 44: 6-14.
· Ranjbar, M., B. Samedani, H. Rahimian-Mashhadi, M.R. Jahansoz, and R. Bihamta. 2007. Influence of winter cover crops on weed control and tomato yield. Pajouhsh and Sazandegi. 74: 24-33. (In Persian).
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