تاثیر منابع مختلف گوگرد روی پسیل معمولی پسته و برخي دشمنان طبيعي آن در مطالعات موردی
محورهای موضوعی : آفات و بيماري هاي گياهي
1 - گروه حشره‌شناسی، واحد رفسنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رفسنجان، ایران
کلید واژه: بالتوري, پسيل معمولی پسته, زنبور پسيلوفاگوس, كفشدوزك, گوگرد.,
چکیده مقاله :
پسيل معمولي پسته يكي از مهمترين آفات درختان پسته است و خسارت آن به لحاظ تغذيه از شيره گياهي، چند نسلي بودن و قدرت توليد مثل زياد، اقتصادي است. براي كنترل آن از حشرهكشهاي شيميايي استفاده ميشود. با توجه به معایب حشرهكشهاي شيميايي يافتن روشی اَمن، مؤثر و طبیعی برای کنترل اين آفت ضروری است. يكي از اين روشها استفاده از تركيب معدني گوگرد است كه به شكل منابع مختلف از جمله معدني و پالايشگاهي (با فرمولاسيونهاي مايع، پودر وتابل و پودر ميكرونيزه) موجود است. تحقيقات مختلف نشان داده است كه گوگرد در مقايسه با آفتكشهايي نظير ایمیداکلوپراید و اسپیروتترامات، استامي پرايد، فلوپیرادیفورون و تياكلوپرايد و فوزالون تاثير بيشتري در كنترل پسيل معمولي پسته دارد و براي چندين هفته ميتواند آن را كنترل نمايد. تاثیر گوگرد معدن زرکوه با افزایش غلظت افزایش مییابد و در تراکم بالای آفت که نیاز به کنترل سریع است با توجه به رقم پسته و زمان، از غلظت بيشتر استفاده شود. گوگرد میکرونیزه در مقایسه با سایر فرمولاسيونهاي گوگرد عملکرد بهتری در کاهش انبوهي جمعیت پورهی پسیل معمولی پسته در زمانهای مختلف نمونهبرداری داشته است. کاربرد گوگرد روي زنبور پارازیتوئید Psyllaephagus pistaciae و کفشدوزک conglobata Oenopia و Hippodamia variegate تاثير جزئی دارد اما روي بالتوري Chrysoperla carnea تاثير سوء بيشتري نشان داد، البته بايد نظر داشت كه زيستسنجي روي بالتوري در شرايط آزمايشگاهي انجام شد. كاربرد گوگرد باعث بهبود خصوصيات رويشي و عملکرد كمي و كيفي ارقام تجاری پسته و خصوصيات كيفي ميوه پسته (تركيبات مغز ميوه، رؤيت و بازار‌پسندي) ميشود. بهطور كلي در مورد نحوه و زمان کاربرد گوگرد در قالب یک برنامه‌ی مدیریت تلفیقی آفت، بايستي تدابیر لازم اندیشیده شود، تا بر مراحل رشدي حساس دشمنان طبيعي تاثير سوء ایجاد نکند و همچنين سبب سوختگي برگ و ميوه پسته نگردد.
The common pistachio psyllid is one of the most important pests of pistachio trees. The damage of this pest is economic in terms of feeding on plant sap, being multi-generational, and having high reproductive capacity. Chemical insecticides are used to control it. Given the of chemical insecticides have many disadvantages, Therefore, it is essential to find a safe, effective, and natural method to control this pest. One of these methods is the use of a sulfur mineral compound, which is available in various sources, including mineral and refinery (liquid, wettable powder and micronized powder formulations). Various studies have shown that sulfur is more effective to control of the common pistachio psyllid than chemical pesticides such as imidacloprid and spirotetramat, acetamiprid, flupyradifuron, thiacloprid, and phosalone, and can control this pest for several weeks. The effect of Zarkooh Mine sulfur increases with increasing concentration, and in cases of high pest density that require rapid control, a higher concentration should be used, depending on the pistachio variety and time. Micronized sulfur had better effect than other sulfur formulations to reduce the population density of common pistachio psyllid at different sampling times.The effect of sulfur on parasitoid, Psyllaephagus pistaciae and Ladybugs, Oenopia conglobata and Hippodamia variegate was less harmful, but on Chrysoperla carnea was medium harmful. Of course, the bioassay on the C. carnea was conducted under laboratory conditions. The application sulfur improves vegetative characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of commercial pistachio cultivars and Quality characteristics of pistachio nuts (Kernel composition, appearance and market acceptance). In general, necessary decisions should be taken regarding the method and timing of sulfur application in an integrated pest management program so that it does not adversely affect the sensitive growth stages of natural enemies and also does not cause burns to pistachio leaves and nuts.
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