Unveiling Vocabulary Learning Strategies: A Mixed Methods Study among EAP Students
Subject Areas : آموزش زبان انگلیسیفرزانه اکبری 1 , فرحناز ریمنی نیکو 2 , شیما احمدی آزاد 3
1 - Department of English, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Sarab, Iran
2 - هیات علمی دانشگاه آزاد سلماس
3 - Department of English, Islamic Azad University, Sarab Branch, Iran
Keywords: Learners, perspective, teachers, materials, Academic Words,
Abstract :
This study focused on the importance of Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLSs) in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and how Iranian EAP students learn academic vocabulary. The study used a predominantly quantitative approach by gathering data from 238 participants through online self-report VLS questionnaires, which were analyzed using SPSS-26. A triangulation approach was used to ensure accuracy and consistency, with qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews with 20 students. The analysis revealed that participants frequently used strategies for incorporating new vocabulary into their repertoire. Additionally, teacher-related, student-related, and material-related themes emerged through coding the participants’ beliefs. The results indicated that raising learners’ consciousness of VLSs, training teachers, providing tasks for all language skills, using technology, materials revision, and developing autonomous and independent learning can help with vocabulary acquisition and the satisfaction of EAP students. Overall, this study highlights the importance of VLSs in EAP and provides insights into effective strategies for acquiring academic vocabulary.
Akbulut, Y. (2016). The effects of computer-assisted grammar instruction on the achievement and attitudes of Turkish EFL learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 12(2), 1-19.
Al-khresheh, M. (2021). Reconceptualizing the elements of effective English language teaching through the lens of pandemic induced online teaching: an exploratory study of Jordanian EFL teachers' perceptions. Asian EFL Journal. 28. 61-97.
Al-Omairi, M. (2020). The use of vocabulary learning strategies by EFL and EAP undergraduate university learners’ in the Iraqi context. Arab World English Journal, 1, 111-120.
Amirian, S. M. R. & Heshmatifar, Z. (2013). A survey on vocabulary learning strategies: A case of Iranian EFL university students. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(3). 636-641.
Asgari, A. & Mustapha, G. B. (2011). The type of vocabulary learning strategies used by ESL students in University Putra Malaysia. English language teaching, 4(2). 84-90.
Asoodar, M., Atai, M. R., & Vaezi, S. (2016). Blog-integrated writing with blog-buddies: EAP learners’ writing performance. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 54(2), 225-252.
Barcelos, A. M. F. (2003). Teachers’ and students’ beliefs within a Deweyan framework: Conflict and influence. In P. Kalaja & A. M. F. Barcelos (Eds.), Beliefs about SLA: New Research Approaches (pp. 171–201). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Barnes, A. E., Kim, Y-S., Tighe, E. L., & Vorstius, C. (2020). Improving vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension of struggling adolescent readers through a word-learning strategy intervention. Journal of Research in Reading, 43(2), 218-241.
Bernardo, A., & Gonzales, H. (2009). Vocabulary learning strategies of Filipino College Students across five disciplines. TESOL Journal, 1, 17–27.
Boonkongsaen, N. (2013). Factors affecting vocabulary learning strategies: A synthesized study. Naresuan University Journal: Science and Technology (NUJST), 20(2), 45-53.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brown, H.D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (2nd ed). White Plains, NY:Longman.
Cohen, A. & Macaro, E. (Eds.). (2007). Language learner strategies: 30 years of research and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, V. L., & Cowen, J. E. (2011). Literacy for children in an information age: Teaching reading, writing, and thinking. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Coxhead, A. (2012). Academic vocabulary: Implications for EAP. In B. Paltridge & S. Starfield (Eds.), The handbook of English for specific purposes (pp. 137-156). Wiley-Blackwell.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. SAGE publications.
Daflizar, Sulistiyo, U., & Kamil, D. (2022). Language learning strategies and learner autonomy: The case of Indonesian tertiary EFL students. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Learning Research Network, 15(1), 257-281.
Dakhi, S., & Fitria, T. N. (2019). The principles and the teaching of English vocabulary: A review. Journal of English Teaching, 5(1), 15-25.
Efklides, A., & Volet, S. E. (2020). Learning and motivation in the classroom. In international handbook of psychology in education (pp. 247-274). Springer, Cham.
Gaba, A. K., Bhushan, B., & Kant Rao, D. (2021). Factors influencing the preference of distance learners to study through online during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J. Distance Educ. 16(1), 194-206.
Ghateolbahra, A., & Samimi, F. (2021). Classroom management strategies in online environment: A comparative study on novice and experienced teachers. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(14), 510–516.
Hamzah, M. S. G., Kafipour, R., & Abdullah, S. K. (2009). Vocabulary learning strategies of Iranian undergraduate EFL students and its relation to their vocabulary size. European Journal of social sciences, 11(1), 39-50.
Harackiewicz, J., Smith, J. & Priniski, S. (2016). Interest matters: The importance of promoting interest in education. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 3.
Hashemi, Z., & Hadavi, M. (2015). Investigation of vocabulary learning strategies among EFL Iranian medical sciences students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192, 629–637.
Keshtiarast, B., Salehi, H., Tabatabaei, O., & Baharlooie, R. (2021). ICT comes to ESP course: Iranian students and teachers’ perceptions of ICT integration into ESP instruction. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 9(2), 283-308.
Kulikova, O. (2015). Vocabulary learning strategies and beliefs about vocabulary learning: a study of beginning university students of Russian in the United States [Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa]. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.nxurfdwv
Lathifah, Z. K., Helmanto, F., & Maryani, N. (2020). The practice of effective classroom management in COVID-19 time. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(7), 3263–3271.
Lin, C. Y., & Chiu, T. K. (2020). Enhancing EFL learners' vocabulary learning via online multimedia annotation: A case study in Taiwan. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(1-2), 62-92.
Love, J., Selker, R., Verhagen, J., & Özgen, E. (2021). Vocabulary size and communication skills in young adults: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 610756.
Ma, Q. (2009). Second language vocabulary acquisition. Bern: Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers.
Mackey, A., & Gass, S. (2005). Second language research. Methodology and design. London.
Malik, A. R., & Asnur, M. N. A. (2019). Using social media as a learning media of foreign language students in higher education. Online Submission, 18(2).
Meara, P., & Wang, X. (2018). The role of vocabulary knowledge in second language academic writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 35, 1-12.
Morse, J. M. (2015). Data were saturated... Qualitative health research, 25(5), 587-588.
Murphy, J. (2019). The Effect of vocabulary learning techniques on second language proficiency. Language Learning, 69(1), 225-247.
Mutalib, A. H., Kadir, R. A., Robani, R., & Majid, F. A. (2014). Vocabulary learning strategies among Malaysian TEVT students in German-Malaysian Institute (GMI). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 123, 361–368.
Nation, I. S. P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge University Press.
Nawir, E., Bueraheng, R., Yunita, W., Fauziah, D., & Elsara, W. (2023). EAP Course design: A need analysis on digital business students in Business Technology Institute of Riau (ITBR). International Journal of Language Pedagogy, 3(1), 11-20.
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Oaks. CA: SAGE Publications.
Nyikos, M., & Fan, M. (2007). A review of vocabulary learning strategies: Focus on language proficiency and learner voice. In A. D. Cohen & E. Macaro (Eds.), Language learner strategies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ostovar-Namaghi, S. A, Hosseini, S.A., & Iranmehr, A. (2021). EFL students’ perspectives on EAP courses: a data-driven study. Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(4), 104-122.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Ranjbar, N. & Soodmand Afshar, H. (2021). A survey of EAP needs in Iran from the viewpoints of teachers and students. Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 10(1), 54-74.
Rashtchi, M. & Rezvani, F. (2011). Vocabulary learning strategies: Do they help Iranian EFL learners to overcome vocabulary learning difficulties? Journal of English Studies. 1(1), 65-79.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the “good language learner” can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9(1), 41–51.
Rufai, M. M., Alebiosu, S. O., & Adeakin, O. A. S. (2015). A conceptual model for virtual classroom management. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering, and Information Technology, 5(1), 27–32.
Sandelowski, M. (2006). “Meta-Jeopardy”: The crisis of representation in qualitative meta-synthesis. Nursing Outlook, 54(1), 10-16.
Schmitt, N. (1997). Vocabulary learning strategies. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: description, learning and pedagogy (pp. 199-227). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Schmitt, N. (2010). Vocabulary size and academic performance in university students: A study of threshold levels. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice, 7(1), 10-25.
Schmitt, N. (2020). Vocabulary learning strategies. In J. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching (pp. 1-9). Wiley-Blackwell.
Seddigh, F., & Shokrpur, N. (2012). Vocabulary learning strategies of medical students at Shiraz Univers of Medical Sciences. English Language Teaching, 5(2),162-173.
Seferoglu, G., & Güngör, A. (2020). Turkish EFL learners' awareness and use of vocabulary learning strategies. International Journal of Language Academy, 8(1), 246-258.
Sharker, S.I. (2018). The role of motivation in learning English in secondary classrooms. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 10 (1).
Shi, H. (2017). Learning strategies and classification in education, Institute for Learning Styles Journal,1,24-36.
Simonson, M., & Berg, G. A. (2016). Distance learning. In encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 14, 2011, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/distance-learning
Siriwan, M. (2007). English vocabulary learning strategies employed by Rajabhat University students (Doctoral dissertation).
Soodmand Afshar, H. (2010). Iranian EFL learners’ most and least frequently-used vocabulary learning strategies: the relationship to success and gender. The Iranian EFL Journal, 6, 72–100.
Soodmand Afshar, H., Moazzam, I., & Arbabi, H. R. (2014). A comparison of Iranian EAP students and EFL majors on the use of vocabulary learning strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98(2008), 1828–1835.
Tamimi Sa'd, S. H. & Rajabi, F. (2018). Teaching and learning vocabulary: what English language learners perceive to be effective and ineffective strategies? Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 8(139).
Tate, E. (2018). How technology can help teachers assess vocabulary skills more effectively. EdTech Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2018/12/how-technology-can-help-teachers-assess-vocabulary-skills-more-effectively.
Taylor, L. (1992). Vocabulary in action. New York: Prentice Hall.
Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837.
Tseng, W. T., Z. Dörnyei, and N. Schmitt. (2006). A new approach to assessing strategic learning: The case of self-regulation in vocabulary learning. Applied Linguistics, 27, 78–102.
Van Lier, L. (2008). Agency in the classroom. In J. P. Lantolf & M. E. Poehner (eds.), Sociocultural theory and the teaching of second languages. London: Equinox.
Zhao, Y., & Bryant, P. (2017). Computer-assisted language learning in context: A research framework and meta-analysis. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 98-120.
Zand-Moghaddam, A., Meihami, H., & Ghiasvand, F. (2018). Exploring the English language needs of EAP students of humanities and social sciences in Iran: a triangulated approach. Issues in Language Teaching, 7(1), 135-164.