عملکرد ارقام مختلف گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) به کاربرد منابع مختلف کودی تحت شرایط دیم
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
رحیم ناصری
1
(گروه تکنولوژی تولیدات گیاهی، آموزشکده فنی‌مهندسی و کشاورزی دهلران، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران)
امیر میرزایی
2
(بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان ایلام، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایلام، ایران)
عباس سلیمانی فرد
3
(گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، صندوق پستی3697-19395 تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: پرولین, رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی, پراکسید‌هیدروژن, سوپر اکسید‌دسموتاز, گلوتاتیون‌سنتتاز,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی تاثیر باکتری های افزاینده رشد گیاه روی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک ارقام جدید گندم دیم، آزمایشی مزرعه ای به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی چرداول در سال زراعی 99-1398 اجرا شد. تیمار های آزمایشی شامل ارقام مختلف گندم (سرداری، کریم، کوهدشت و ریژاو) و تیمار منابع مختلف کودی شامل: شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ منبع کودی)، 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، باکتری آزوﺳﭙﺮﯾﻠﯿﻮم+50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، باکتری ازﺗﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ+50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، باکتری آزوﺳﭙﺮﯾﻠﯿﻮم+ ازﺗﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ+50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، 100 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن بودند. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که اثر برهمکنش رقم×منابع کودی بر فعالیت برخی آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدان و خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی تاثیر معنی‌دار داشت. رقم ریژاو×باکتری آزوﺳﭙﺮﯾﻠﯿﻮم+ ازﺗﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ+50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن موجب افزایش فعالیت های آسکوربات پراکسیداز ، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز کاتالاز ، پراکسیداز، سوپر اکسید دسموتاز ، کاروتنوئیدها ،کلروفیلa ، کلروفیل b ، محتوای آب نسبی ، موجب کاهش میزان مالون دی آلدئید و پراکسید هیدروژن گردید و رقم سرداری در شاهد (عدم مصرف کود زیستی و شیمیایی نیتروژن) دارای کمترین میزان فعالیت های آسکوربات پراکسیداز، پراکسیداز، سوپر اکسید دسموتاز و رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی بود. بنابراین با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده نشان داده شد که گندم رقم ریژاو×باکتری آزوﺳﭙﺮﯾﻠﯿﻮم+ازﺗﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ+50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن به دلیل بالا بودن خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و در نهایت افزایش رشد گیاه در شرایط دیم می تواند توصیه گردد.
In order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on physiologic traitsof new dryland wheat cultivars, a factorial field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications on the farms of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center in the cropping season during 2019-2020. Experimental treatments included different wheat cultivars (Sardari, Karim, Koohdasht, and Rijaw) and different fertilizer sources including control (without fertilizer source), 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum+50% N fertilizer, Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + Azetobacter+50% N fertilizer, and 100% N fertilizer. The results of this experiment showed that the interaction effect of cultivar × fertilizer sources had a significant effect on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and physiological properties. Rijaw cultivar × Azospirillum + Azetobacter+ 50% N fertilizer increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (80.9%), glutathione peroxidase (80%), catalase (71.7%), peroxidase (74.1%), superoxide dismutase (74%), carotenoids (72.1%), chlorophyll a (86.1%), chlorophyll b (88.2%), and relative water content (45.4%) while reduced the amount of Malondialdehyde (65.9%) and hydrogen peroxide (91.8%). Moreover, Sardari cultivar × control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and photosynthetic pigments. Therefore, according to the results of the study, wheat cultivar Rijaw × Azospirillum + Azetobacter+ 50% N fertilizer may be recommended for cultivation in dryland conditions considering the improved physiological characteristics and ultimately increased plant growth.
Almeselmani, M., Deshmukh, P.S. and Sairam, R.K. (2009). High temperature stresstolerance in wheat genotypes: role of antioxidant defence enzymes. Acta Agronomica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 57: 1–14.
Arnon, A.N. (1976). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112-121.
Amani, N., Sohrabi Y. and Heidari, G. (2016). Yield and Some Physiological Characteristics in Maize by Application of Bio and Chemical Fertilizers Under Drought Levels. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 27 (2): 65-83.
Ansary, M.H., Asadi Rahmani, H., Ardakani, M.R., Paknejad, F., Habibi, D. and Mafakheri, S. (2012). Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescent on Proline and Phytohormonal Status of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Water Deficit Stress. Annals of Biological Research. 3 (2):1054-1062.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and soil. 39 (1): 205-207.
Bilal, M., Ayub, M., Tariq, M., Tahir, M. and Nadeem, M.A. (2017). Dry matter yield and forage quality traits of oat (Avena sativa L.) under integrative use of microbial and synthetic source of nitrogen. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 16: 236–241.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.
Chakraborty, U., Chakraborty, B.N., Chakraborty, A.P. and Dey, P.L. (2013). Water stress amelioration and plant growth promotion in wheat plants by osmotic stress tolerant bacteria. WorldJournal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 29: 789–803.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1955). Assays of Catalases and Peroxidases. In: Methods in Enzymology. (Colowick SP, Kaplan NO, eds.). Academic Press, New York, II, 764- 775.
Dhindsa, R.S. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany. 32 (1): 93-101.
Gul, S., Khan, M.H., Khanday, B.A. and Nabi, S. (2015). Effect of sowing methods and NPK levels on growth and yield of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). Scientifica. 1-6.
Hassanpour, J. and Zand, B. (2014). Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers on reduction of drought stress damage. Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research. 1 (2): 1-12.
Heidari, M. and Karami, V. (2013). Study the effect of drought stress and mychorizal strains on grain and its components of chlorophyll content and biochemical componends in sufflower. EnvirenmentalStresse in Crop Sciences. 6 (1): 17-26.
Islam, F., Yasmeen, T., Ali, Q., Ali, S., Arif, M.S., Hussain, S. and Rizvi, H. (2014). Influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as PGPR on oxidative stress tolerance in wheat under Zn stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 104: 285-93.
Kaur, R., Bains, T.S., Bindumadhava, H. and Nayyar, H. (2015). Responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to heat stress: Effects on reproductive biology, leaf function and yield traits. Scientia Horticulturae, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.10.015.
Kaushal, N., Awasthi, R., Gupta, K., Gaur, P., Siddique, K.H.M. and Nayyar, H. (213). Heat-stress induced reproductive failures in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) areassociated with impaired sucrose metabolism in leaves and anthers. Functional Plant Biology. 40: 1334–1349.
Kumar, S., Kaur, R., Kaur, N., Bhandhari, K., Kaushal, N., Gupta, K., Bains, T.S. and Nayyar, H. (2011). Heat-stress induced inhibition in growth and chlorosis in mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) is partly mitigated by ascorbic acid application and isrelated to reduction in oxidative stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 33: 2091–2101.
Luna, C.M., Pastori, G.M., Driscoll, S., Groten, K., Bernard, S. and Foyer, C.H. (2005). Drought controls on H2O2 accumulation, catalase (CAT) activity and CAT gene expression in wheat. Jornal of Experimental Botany. 56: 417–423.
Mac-Adam, J.W., Nelson, C.J. and Sharp, R.E. (1992). Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue I. Spatial distribution of ionically bound peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. Plant Physiology. 99 (3): 872-878.
Maghsoudi, E, Ghalavand, A. and Aghaalikhani, M. (2014). Effect management strategies fertilizer nitrogen and biological on morphological traits, yield and quality traits corn (S.C. 704). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12 (2): 273-282.
Marius, S., Octavita, A., Eugen, U. and Vlad, A. (2005). Study of a microbial inoculation on several biochemical indices in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Pakistanian Journal of Biological Science. 6 (6): 539-543.
Nakano, Y., and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
Naseri, R., Soleymani Fard, A., Mirzaeir, A., Darabi, F. and Fathi, A. (2019). The effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizohacteria on activities of antioxidative enzymes, physiological characteristics and root growth of four chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under dry land conditions of Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 10 (2): 62-76.
Naseri, R., Barary, M., Zarea, M.J., Khavazi, K. and Tahmasebi, Z. (2017). Effect of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi on some activities of antioxidative enzymes, physiological characteristics of wheat under dry land conditions. Iranain Journal of Dryland Agriculture. 6 (1): 1-34.
Naveed, M., Baqir Hussain, M., Zahir, Z.A., Mitter, B. and Sessitsch, A. (2014). Drought stress amelioration in wheat through inoculation with Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN. Plant Growth Regular. 73: 121-131.
Saghafi, K., Ahmadi, J., Asgharzadeh, A. and bakhtiari, S. (2013). The effect of microbial inoculants on physiological responses of two wheat cultivars under salt stress. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 1 (4): 421-431.
Sandhya, V., Ali, S.Z., Grover, M., Reddy, G., and Venkateswarlu, B. (2010). Effect of plant growth promoting Pseudomonas spp. On compatible solutes, antioxidant status and plant growth of maize under drought stress.Plant Growth Regulation. 62:21–30.
Schutz, M. and Fangmeir, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution. 114: 187-194.
Sharifi, P. and Amiryusefi, M. (2017). Effects of nitrogen and azotobacter on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Roushan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 27 (2): 125-144.
Shaharoona, B., Arshad, M., Zahir, Z.A. and Khalid, A. (2006). Performance of Pseudomonas spp. containing ACC deaminase for improving growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38 (9): 2971-2975.
Sheligl, H.Q. (1986). Die verwertung orgngischer souren durch chlorella lincht. Planta Journal. 47-51.
Soomro, M., Markhand, H. and Soomro, B.A. (2011). Screening Pakistani cotton for drought tolerance. Pakistan journal of botany. 44 (1): 383-388.
Stewart, R.R. and Bewley, J.D. (1980). Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated aging of soybean axes. Plant Physiology. 65 (2): 245-248.
Talukder, A.S.M.H.M., McDonald, G.K. and Gill, G.S. (2014). Effect of short-term heat stress prior to flowering and early grain seton the grain yield of wheat. Field Crops Research. 160 :54–63.
Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R. (2007). Heat tolerance in plants: anoverview. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 61: 199–223.
Wang, X., Cai, J., Jiang, D., Liu, F., Dai, T. and Cao, W. (2011). Pre-anthesis high-temperatureacclimation alleviates damage to the flag leaf caused by post-anthesis heat stressin wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 585–593.
Tewari, A.K. and Tripathy, B.C. (1998). Temperature-stress-induced impairment ofchlorophyll biosynthetic reactions in cucumber and wheat. Plant Physiology. 117: 851–858.
Young, L.S., Hameed, A., Peng, S.Y., Shan, Y.H. and Wu, S.P. (2013). Endophytic establishment of the soil isolate Burkholderia sp. CC-Al74 enhances growth and P-utilization rate in maize (Zea mays L.). Applied Soil Ecology. 66: 40-47.
Xu, Q.A., Paulsen, A.Q., Guikema, J.A. and Paulsen, G.M. (1995). Functional and ultrastruc-tural injury to photosynthesis in wheat by high-temperature during maturation. Environ. Journal of Experimental Botany, 35: 43–54.
Zahir, Z.A., Munir, A., Asghar, H.N., Arshad, M. and Shaharoona, B. (2008). Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 18: 958–963.
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Almeselmani, M., Deshmukh, P.S. and Sairam, R.K. (2009). High temperature stresstolerance in wheat genotypes: role of antioxidant defence enzymes. Acta Agronomica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 57: 1–14.
Arnon, A.N. (1976). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112-121.
Amani, N., Sohrabi Y. and Heidari, G. (2016). Yield and Some Physiological Characteristics in Maize by Application of Bio and Chemical Fertilizers Under Drought Levels. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 27 (2): 65-83.
Ansary, M.H., Asadi Rahmani, H., Ardakani, M.R., Paknejad, F., Habibi, D. and Mafakheri, S. (2012). Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescent on Proline and Phytohormonal Status of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Water Deficit Stress. Annals of Biological Research. 3 (2):1054-1062.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and soil. 39 (1): 205-207.
Bilal, M., Ayub, M., Tariq, M., Tahir, M. and Nadeem, M.A. (2017). Dry matter yield and forage quality traits of oat (Avena sativa L.) under integrative use of microbial and synthetic source of nitrogen. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 16: 236–241.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.
Chakraborty, U., Chakraborty, B.N., Chakraborty, A.P. and Dey, P.L. (2013). Water stress amelioration and plant growth promotion in wheat plants by osmotic stress tolerant bacteria. WorldJournal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 29: 789–803.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1955). Assays of Catalases and Peroxidases. In: Methods in Enzymology. (Colowick SP, Kaplan NO, eds.). Academic Press, New York, II, 764- 775.
Dhindsa, R.S. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany. 32 (1): 93-101.
Gul, S., Khan, M.H., Khanday, B.A. and Nabi, S. (2015). Effect of sowing methods and NPK levels on growth and yield of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). Scientifica. 1-6.
Hassanpour, J. and Zand, B. (2014). Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers on reduction of drought stress damage. Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research. 1 (2): 1-12.
Heidari, M. and Karami, V. (2013). Study the effect of drought stress and mychorizal strains on grain and its components of chlorophyll content and biochemical componends in sufflower. EnvirenmentalStresse in Crop Sciences. 6 (1): 17-26.
Islam, F., Yasmeen, T., Ali, Q., Ali, S., Arif, M.S., Hussain, S. and Rizvi, H. (2014). Influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as PGPR on oxidative stress tolerance in wheat under Zn stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 104: 285-93.
Kaur, R., Bains, T.S., Bindumadhava, H. and Nayyar, H. (2015). Responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to heat stress: Effects on reproductive biology, leaf function and yield traits. Scientia Horticulturae, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.10.015.
Kaushal, N., Awasthi, R., Gupta, K., Gaur, P., Siddique, K.H.M. and Nayyar, H. (213). Heat-stress induced reproductive failures in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) areassociated with impaired sucrose metabolism in leaves and anthers. Functional Plant Biology. 40: 1334–1349.
Kumar, S., Kaur, R., Kaur, N., Bhandhari, K., Kaushal, N., Gupta, K., Bains, T.S. and Nayyar, H. (2011). Heat-stress induced inhibition in growth and chlorosis in mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) is partly mitigated by ascorbic acid application and isrelated to reduction in oxidative stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 33: 2091–2101.
Luna, C.M., Pastori, G.M., Driscoll, S., Groten, K., Bernard, S. and Foyer, C.H. (2005). Drought controls on H2O2 accumulation, catalase (CAT) activity and CAT gene expression in wheat. Jornal of Experimental Botany. 56: 417–423.
Mac-Adam, J.W., Nelson, C.J. and Sharp, R.E. (1992). Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue I. Spatial distribution of ionically bound peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. Plant Physiology. 99 (3): 872-878.
Maghsoudi, E, Ghalavand, A. and Aghaalikhani, M. (2014). Effect management strategies fertilizer nitrogen and biological on morphological traits, yield and quality traits corn (S.C. 704). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12 (2): 273-282.
Marius, S., Octavita, A., Eugen, U. and Vlad, A. (2005). Study of a microbial inoculation on several biochemical indices in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Pakistanian Journal of Biological Science. 6 (6): 539-543.
Nakano, Y., and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
Naseri, R., Soleymani Fard, A., Mirzaeir, A., Darabi, F. and Fathi, A. (2019). The effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizohacteria on activities of antioxidative enzymes, physiological characteristics and root growth of four chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under dry land conditions of Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 10 (2): 62-76.
Naseri, R., Barary, M., Zarea, M.J., Khavazi, K. and Tahmasebi, Z. (2017). Effect of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi on some activities of antioxidative enzymes, physiological characteristics of wheat under dry land conditions. Iranain Journal of Dryland Agriculture. 6 (1): 1-34.
Naveed, M., Baqir Hussain, M., Zahir, Z.A., Mitter, B. and Sessitsch, A. (2014). Drought stress amelioration in wheat through inoculation with Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN. Plant Growth Regular. 73: 121-131.
Saghafi, K., Ahmadi, J., Asgharzadeh, A. and bakhtiari, S. (2013). The effect of microbial inoculants on physiological responses of two wheat cultivars under salt stress. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 1 (4): 421-431.
Sandhya, V., Ali, S.Z., Grover, M., Reddy, G., and Venkateswarlu, B. (2010). Effect of plant growth promoting Pseudomonas spp. On compatible solutes, antioxidant status and plant growth of maize under drought stress.Plant Growth Regulation. 62:21–30.
Schutz, M. and Fangmeir, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution. 114: 187-194.
Sharifi, P. and Amiryusefi, M. (2017). Effects of nitrogen and azotobacter on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Roushan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 27 (2): 125-144.
Shaharoona, B., Arshad, M., Zahir, Z.A. and Khalid, A. (2006). Performance of Pseudomonas spp. containing ACC deaminase for improving growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38 (9): 2971-2975.
Sheligl, H.Q. (1986). Die verwertung orgngischer souren durch chlorella lincht. Planta Journal. 47-51.
Soomro, M., Markhand, H. and Soomro, B.A. (2011). Screening Pakistani cotton for drought tolerance. Pakistan journal of botany. 44 (1): 383-388.
Stewart, R.R. and Bewley, J.D. (1980). Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated aging of soybean axes. Plant Physiology. 65 (2): 245-248.
Talukder, A.S.M.H.M., McDonald, G.K. and Gill, G.S. (2014). Effect of short-term heat stress prior to flowering and early grain seton the grain yield of wheat. Field Crops Research. 160 :54–63.
Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R. (2007). Heat tolerance in plants: anoverview. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 61: 199–223.
Wang, X., Cai, J., Jiang, D., Liu, F., Dai, T. and Cao, W. (2011). Pre-anthesis high-temperatureacclimation alleviates damage to the flag leaf caused by post-anthesis heat stressin wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 585–593.
Tewari, A.K. and Tripathy, B.C. (1998). Temperature-stress-induced impairment ofchlorophyll biosynthetic reactions in cucumber and wheat. Plant Physiology. 117: 851–858.
Young, L.S., Hameed, A., Peng, S.Y., Shan, Y.H. and Wu, S.P. (2013). Endophytic establishment of the soil isolate Burkholderia sp. CC-Al74 enhances growth and P-utilization rate in maize (Zea mays L.). Applied Soil Ecology. 66: 40-47.
Xu, Q.A., Paulsen, A.Q., Guikema, J.A. and Paulsen, G.M. (1995). Functional and ultrastruc-tural injury to photosynthesis in wheat by high-temperature during maturation. Environ. Journal of Experimental Botany, 35: 43–54.
Zahir, Z.A., Munir, A., Asghar, H.N., Arshad, M. and Shaharoona, B. (2008). Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 18: 958–963.