تأثیر عنصر روی و جیبرلیک اسید بر بهبود تبادلات گازی و عملکرد لوبیا سفید (Phaseolus vulgaris) با استفاده از دستگاه تحلیل گر گاز مادون قرمز در شرایط تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
عارفه عباسی
1
(
گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
)
عباس ملکی
2
(
گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
)
فرزاد بابایی
3
(
گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
)
هوشمند صفری
4
(
گروه جنگل‌ها و مراتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران.
)
علیرضا رنگین
5
(
گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
)
کلید واژه: عملکرد, سولفات روی, رژیم آبیاری, لوبیا, جیبرلین,
چکیده مقاله :
تنش خشکی از عوامل اصلی کاهش عمکلرد گیاهانی مختلف به خصوص حبوبات می باشد، بنابراین استفاده از روش هایی که بتواند اثر سوء تنش بر گیاه را کاهش دهد، ضروی می باشد. به منظور بررسی اثر روی و جیبرلین بر خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی و فیزیولوژیکی لوبیا سفید (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کرت‌های دو بار خرد شده با پایه‌ی بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو مکان (ایستگاه تحقیقاتی اسلام‌آباد غرب استان کرمانشاه، و ایستگاه تحقیقاتی خرم‌آباد استان لرستان) انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل آبیاری در 3 سطح 60، 90 و 120 میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A به عنوان کرت اصلی، محلول پاشی سولفات روی در 4 سطح 0، 5/1، 5/3 و 5/4 میلی‌لیتر در لیتر و 2 سطح محلول پاشی و محلول پاشی جیبرلین به عنوان کرت های فرعی بودند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و مقایسه میانگین داده ها به روش دانکن در سطح 5 درصد و توسط نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر اصلی تنش خشکی و محلول‌پاشی سولفات روی بر تمام صفات معنی‌دار شد، همچنین محلول‌پاشی جیبرلین بر همه‌ی صفات به‌جز عملکرد و سرعت تعرق اثر معنی‌دار داشت. اثر متقابل سولفات روی، تنش و جیبرلین بر تمام صفات معنی‌داری بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه مربوط به تیمار آبیاری نرمال و مصرف 5/4 میلی‌لیتر در لیتر روی بود که با تیمار تنش متوسط و مصرف 5/1میلی‌لیتر در لیتر روی و کاربرد جیبرلین اختلاف معنی‌دار نداشت. کمترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار تنش شدید و استفاده 5/3 میلی‌لیتر در لیتر روی و محلول پاشی جیبرلین بود. بطور کلی عملکرد دانه در هر دو حالت تنش خشکی و عدم تنش افزایش یافت، بنابراین با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده مصرف 5/4 میلی‌لیتر در لیتر سولفات روی و محلول پاشی جیبرلین جهت کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی در زراعت لوبیا توصیه می‌گردد.
Drought stress is one of the main factors in reducing the usefulness of various plants, especially legumes, so it is necessary to use methods that can reduce the effects of stress on the plant. In order to investigate the effect of zinc and gibberellin on the biochemical and physiological characteristics of white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought stress conditions, an experiment in the form of double-plotted plot with a randomized complete block with three replications in two locations (Islamabad West Research Station). Kermanshah province, and Khorramabad research station in Lorestan province. Experimental factors include irrigation at 3 levels of 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan as the main plot, zinc sulfate solution at 4 levels 0, 1.5, 3.5 and 4.5 ml/liter and 2 levels Gibberellin spraying and spraying were used as sub-plots. Data analysis and comparison of average data by Duncan's method was performed at 5% level by SPSS software. The results showed that the main effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate foliar application was significant on all traits, and the main effect of gibberellin foliar application on all traits was significant except for yield and transpiration rate. The interaction of zinc sulfate, stress and gibberellin had all significant properties. The highest grain yield was related to normal irrigation treatment and consumption of 4.5 ml/l of zinc at, which differed from the treatment of moderate stress and consumption of 1.5 ml/l of zinc and the use of gibberellin. It did not make much sense. The lowest grain yield in the severe stress treatment and the use of 3.5 milliliters per liter on the gibberellin spray solution. In general, seed yield increased both in drought stress and non-stress conditions, so according to the results, it is recommended to consume 4.5 ml/l of zinc sulfate and Gibberellin foliar application to reduce the effects of drought stress on bean cultivation.
Abbaspour, H. and Rezaei, H. (2014). Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Hill Reaction Rate, Photosynthetic Pigments and Phenolic Compounds in Dracocephalum moldavica L.. under Drought Stress Conditions. Journal of Plant Research. 27(5):893-903.
Akram, H.M, Ali, A., Sattar, A., Rehman, H.S.U. and Bibi, A. (2013). Impact of water deficit stress on various physiological and agronomic traits of three Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 23(5): 1415-1423.
Anjum, S.A., Xie, X., Wang, L., Saleem, M.F., Man, C. and Lei, W. (2011). Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal Agriculture Research. 6(1): 2026-2032.
Anyia, A.O. and Herzog, H. (2004). Water-use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought. European Journal Agronomy. 20(1): 327-339.
Arshadi, M.J. (2016). Investigation of the effect of seeds inoculation of chickpea (Cicer arietinium L.) with arbuscular mycorrhiza and pseudo-endomycorrhiza in response to drought stress. Ph.D. Dissertation. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary).
Bahamin, S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Beheshti, S. (2019). Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian with English Summery).
Bahamin, S., Parsa, S., and Ghoreishi, S. (2013). The Examination of Effects of Growth Stimulating and Salinity Bacteria on the Characteristics of Mentha spicata leaves. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(9):2119-2125.
Bani abbas, Z., Zamani, GH. and Sayari, M. (2012). Effect of Drought Stress and Zulfate on Performance and Some Physiological Properties of Sunflower. Environmental Journal. 6(1): 525-518.
Barzabadi, V., and Farahani, A. (2011). The effect of irrigation and foliar application of zinc sulfate on yield and yield components of chickpea in Arak. Ecophysiology of Crops (Agricultural Sciences), 5 (20):43-51. (In Persian with English Summary).
Bayat, A.A. Sepehri, A. Ahmadvand, G. and Dorri, H.R. (2010). Effect of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 12 (1): 42-54.
Costa- Franca, M., ThuPham Thi, A., Pimentel. C., Pereyra Rossiello, R., Zuily-Fodil, Y. and Laffray, D. (2000). Differences in growth and water relations among Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in response to induced drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 43(3): 227-237.
Ebrahimi, M, Bihamta, M, Hosein zade, A.A., Khialparast, F. and Golbashi, M. (2010). Evaluation reaction yield and yield components of white bean genotypes under water stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8: 347-358. (In Persian with English Summery).
Eisvand, H., Azarnia, M., Nazarian Firoozabadi, F., and Sharafi, R. (2011). The effect of gibberellin and abscisic acid on germination and some physiological characteristics of chickpea seeds and seedlings in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences (Iranian Agricultural Sciences), 42 (4):789-797. (In Persian with English Summary).
Farahat, M.M., Soad, M.M., Lobna, S.T. and Fatma, E.M. (2007). Response of vegetative growth and some chemical constituents of (Cupressus sempervirens L.) to foliar application of ascorbic acid and zinc at Nubaria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3(4): 496-502.
Fateh, H., Siosemardeh, A., Karimpoor, M. and Sharafi, S. (2012). Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of barley. International Journal Farming and Allied Science. 1(2): 33-41.
Fathi, A., and Bahamin, S. (2018). The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 11(3):661-674.
Flexas, J. and Medrano, H. (2002). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3-plants: Stomatal and nonstomatal limitation revisited. Annals of Botany. 183 (2): 183-189.
Foladvand, F., Khoshkhabar, H., Naghdi, N., Hosseinabadi, M., Bahamin, S., and Fathi, A. (2017). The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on yield, and essential oil of German chamomile. Scientia Agriculturae, 19 (3): 85-92.
Ghanbari, M., Moqtasi Bidgoli, A. and Talebi Siahsaran, P. (2018). Effect of biofertilizers on yield components, yield, protein and soybean oil (Glycine max Merrill.) Under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 52: 1-15.
Grewal, H.S. and Williams, R. (2000). Zinc nutrition affects alfalfa response to water stress and excessive moisture. Journal Plant Nutrition. 23: 942-962.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Cicek, N., Guneri, E., Eraslan, F. and Guzelordu, T. (2005). Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid on the induction of multiple stress tolerance and mineral nutrition inmaize (Zea mays L.). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 51 (1): 687-695.
Heydari, N., Puriosef, M. and Tavakoli, A. (2014). The Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthesis, its Related Parameters and Relative Water Content of Pimpinella anisum L. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 27 (5): 212-228.
Kardoni, F., Bahamin, S., Khalil Tahmasebi, B., Ghavim-Sadati, S.H., and Vahdani, S.E. (2019). Yield Comparisons of Mung-bean as Affected by Its Different Nutritions (Chemical, Biological and Integration) under Tillage Systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 13(49 (1)):87-102.
Keikha, M., Noori, M., and Keshtehgar, A. (2017). Effect of salicylic acid and gibberellin on yield and yield components of Mungbean (Vigna radiata). Iranian Journal Pulses Research, 7(2):138-151. (In Persian with English Summary).
Khan, H.R., G.K. McDonald, Z. and Rengel, A. (2004). Zinc fertilization and water stress affects plant water relations, stomatal conductance and osmotic adjustment in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.), Plant and Soil. 21(3): 271–284.
Kheiri, N., Ajam Norouzi, H., Mobasir, H. and Torabi, B. (2017). Effect of zinc and silica by nanoparticle spraying and soil application methods on some physiological traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 48: 52-64.
Kordi, S., Marsafari, M., Tahmasebi, Z.S., Hahkarami, G.H., Gerami, L., Taghi Zadeh, A.E. and GHanbari, F. (2016). Effect of zinc spray on seed yield, grain protein and bean straw (Phaseolus vulgaris) under low water stress conditions under Ilam weather conditions. Agronomy Journal. 11(1): 21-34.
Liu, F., Jensen, C.R. and Andersen, M.N. (2004). Pod set related to photosynthetic rate and endogenousABA concentration in beans subjected to different water regimes and exogenous ABA and BA at earlyreproductive stages. Annual of Botany. 94(7): 405-411.
Maleki, A., and Fathi, A. (2019). Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Yield of Canola under Drought Stress and Spraying of Gibberellin and Salicylic Acid. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science, 5(3):1-11. (In Persian with English Summary).
Maleki, A., Fathi, A., and Bahamin, S. (2020). The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 15(59), 1-16. (In Persian with English Summary).
Mehdi Nejad, N., Jamalpour, H., Fakhri, B. and Khaje, M. (2019). Investigation of Response of some Physiological Properties and Seed Yield of Portulaca oleracea L. to Drought Stress and Foliar Application of Nano Chelate. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 54: 74-89.
Naseri, Z., Abbassi, F. and Mahmoodzadeh, H. (2012). Effects of different water deficit levels and GA3 on the accumulation of proline and soluble and insoluble sugars in leaves of a new cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.). Journal on Plant Science Researches. 22(2): 1-10.
Nohong, B. and Nompo, S. (2015). Effect of water stress on growth, yield, proline and soluble sugars contents of Signal grass and Napier grass species. American Merican-eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 9(5): 14-21.
Rezaei, A., Lotfi, B., Jafari, M., and Bahamin, S. (2015). Survey of effects of PGPR and salinity on the characteristics of Nigella leaves. Biological Forum–An International Journal, 7(1): 1045-1049.
Sanchez, F.J, De Andres, E.F, Tenorio, J.L. and Ayerbe, L. (2003). Growth of epicotyls, turgor maintenance and osmotic adjustment in pea plants (Pisums ativum L.) subjected to water stress. Field Crop Research. 86: 81-90.
Vaezi -Rad, S., Shekari, F., Shirani Rad, A.H. and Zangani, A. (2008). Effects of water stress at different growth stages on yield and yield components of red bean. Modern Science of Sustainable Agriculture Journal, 10:85-94.
Yordanov, I., Velikova, V. and Tsonev, T. (2003). Plant response to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgaria Journal Plant Physiol (Special Issue). 2(3): 187-206.
Zabet, M., Bahamin, S., Ghoreishi, S., Sadeghi, H., and Moosavi, S.G. (2015). Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative yield of aboveground part of forage pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 7(2):187-194.
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Abbaspour, H. and Rezaei, H. (2014). Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Hill Reaction Rate, Photosynthetic Pigments and Phenolic Compounds in Dracocephalum moldavica L.. under Drought Stress Conditions. Journal of Plant Research. 27(5):893-903.
Akram, H.M, Ali, A., Sattar, A., Rehman, H.S.U. and Bibi, A. (2013). Impact of water deficit stress on various physiological and agronomic traits of three Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 23(5): 1415-1423.
Anjum, S.A., Xie, X., Wang, L., Saleem, M.F., Man, C. and Lei, W. (2011). Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal Agriculture Research. 6(1): 2026-2032.
Anyia, A.O. and Herzog, H. (2004). Water-use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought. European Journal Agronomy. 20(1): 327-339.
Arshadi, M.J. (2016). Investigation of the effect of seeds inoculation of chickpea (Cicer arietinium L.) with arbuscular mycorrhiza and pseudo-endomycorrhiza in response to drought stress. Ph.D. Dissertation. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary).
Bahamin, S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Beheshti, S. (2019). Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian with English Summery).
Bahamin, S., Parsa, S., and Ghoreishi, S. (2013). The Examination of Effects of Growth Stimulating and Salinity Bacteria on the Characteristics of Mentha spicata leaves. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(9):2119-2125.
Bani abbas, Z., Zamani, GH. and Sayari, M. (2012). Effect of Drought Stress and Zulfate on Performance and Some Physiological Properties of Sunflower. Environmental Journal. 6(1): 525-518.
Barzabadi, V., and Farahani, A. (2011). The effect of irrigation and foliar application of zinc sulfate on yield and yield components of chickpea in Arak. Ecophysiology of Crops (Agricultural Sciences), 5 (20):43-51. (In Persian with English Summary).
Bayat, A.A. Sepehri, A. Ahmadvand, G. and Dorri, H.R. (2010). Effect of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 12 (1): 42-54.
Costa- Franca, M., ThuPham Thi, A., Pimentel. C., Pereyra Rossiello, R., Zuily-Fodil, Y. and Laffray, D. (2000). Differences in growth and water relations among Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in response to induced drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 43(3): 227-237.
Ebrahimi, M, Bihamta, M, Hosein zade, A.A., Khialparast, F. and Golbashi, M. (2010). Evaluation reaction yield and yield components of white bean genotypes under water stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8: 347-358. (In Persian with English Summery).
Eisvand, H., Azarnia, M., Nazarian Firoozabadi, F., and Sharafi, R. (2011). The effect of gibberellin and abscisic acid on germination and some physiological characteristics of chickpea seeds and seedlings in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences (Iranian Agricultural Sciences), 42 (4):789-797. (In Persian with English Summary).
Farahat, M.M., Soad, M.M., Lobna, S.T. and Fatma, E.M. (2007). Response of vegetative growth and some chemical constituents of (Cupressus sempervirens L.) to foliar application of ascorbic acid and zinc at Nubaria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3(4): 496-502.
Fateh, H., Siosemardeh, A., Karimpoor, M. and Sharafi, S. (2012). Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of barley. International Journal Farming and Allied Science. 1(2): 33-41.
Fathi, A., and Bahamin, S. (2018). The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 11(3):661-674.
Flexas, J. and Medrano, H. (2002). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3-plants: Stomatal and nonstomatal limitation revisited. Annals of Botany. 183 (2): 183-189.
Foladvand, F., Khoshkhabar, H., Naghdi, N., Hosseinabadi, M., Bahamin, S., and Fathi, A. (2017). The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on yield, and essential oil of German chamomile. Scientia Agriculturae, 19 (3): 85-92.
Ghanbari, M., Moqtasi Bidgoli, A. and Talebi Siahsaran, P. (2018). Effect of biofertilizers on yield components, yield, protein and soybean oil (Glycine max Merrill.) Under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 52: 1-15.
Grewal, H.S. and Williams, R. (2000). Zinc nutrition affects alfalfa response to water stress and excessive moisture. Journal Plant Nutrition. 23: 942-962.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Cicek, N., Guneri, E., Eraslan, F. and Guzelordu, T. (2005). Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid on the induction of multiple stress tolerance and mineral nutrition inmaize (Zea mays L.). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 51 (1): 687-695.
Heydari, N., Puriosef, M. and Tavakoli, A. (2014). The Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthesis, its Related Parameters and Relative Water Content of Pimpinella anisum L. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 27 (5): 212-228.
Kardoni, F., Bahamin, S., Khalil Tahmasebi, B., Ghavim-Sadati, S.H., and Vahdani, S.E. (2019). Yield Comparisons of Mung-bean as Affected by Its Different Nutritions (Chemical, Biological and Integration) under Tillage Systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 13(49 (1)):87-102.
Keikha, M., Noori, M., and Keshtehgar, A. (2017). Effect of salicylic acid and gibberellin on yield and yield components of Mungbean (Vigna radiata). Iranian Journal Pulses Research, 7(2):138-151. (In Persian with English Summary).
Khan, H.R., G.K. McDonald, Z. and Rengel, A. (2004). Zinc fertilization and water stress affects plant water relations, stomatal conductance and osmotic adjustment in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.), Plant and Soil. 21(3): 271–284.
Kheiri, N., Ajam Norouzi, H., Mobasir, H. and Torabi, B. (2017). Effect of zinc and silica by nanoparticle spraying and soil application methods on some physiological traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 48: 52-64.
Kordi, S., Marsafari, M., Tahmasebi, Z.S., Hahkarami, G.H., Gerami, L., Taghi Zadeh, A.E. and GHanbari, F. (2016). Effect of zinc spray on seed yield, grain protein and bean straw (Phaseolus vulgaris) under low water stress conditions under Ilam weather conditions. Agronomy Journal. 11(1): 21-34.
Liu, F., Jensen, C.R. and Andersen, M.N. (2004). Pod set related to photosynthetic rate and endogenousABA concentration in beans subjected to different water regimes and exogenous ABA and BA at earlyreproductive stages. Annual of Botany. 94(7): 405-411.
Maleki, A., and Fathi, A. (2019). Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Yield of Canola under Drought Stress and Spraying of Gibberellin and Salicylic Acid. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science, 5(3):1-11. (In Persian with English Summary).
Maleki, A., Fathi, A., and Bahamin, S. (2020). The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 15(59), 1-16. (In Persian with English Summary).
Mehdi Nejad, N., Jamalpour, H., Fakhri, B. and Khaje, M. (2019). Investigation of Response of some Physiological Properties and Seed Yield of Portulaca oleracea L. to Drought Stress and Foliar Application of Nano Chelate. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 54: 74-89.
Naseri, Z., Abbassi, F. and Mahmoodzadeh, H. (2012). Effects of different water deficit levels and GA3 on the accumulation of proline and soluble and insoluble sugars in leaves of a new cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.). Journal on Plant Science Researches. 22(2): 1-10.
Nohong, B. and Nompo, S. (2015). Effect of water stress on growth, yield, proline and soluble sugars contents of Signal grass and Napier grass species. American Merican-eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 9(5): 14-21.
Rezaei, A., Lotfi, B., Jafari, M., and Bahamin, S. (2015). Survey of effects of PGPR and salinity on the characteristics of Nigella leaves. Biological Forum–An International Journal, 7(1): 1045-1049.
Sanchez, F.J, De Andres, E.F, Tenorio, J.L. and Ayerbe, L. (2003). Growth of epicotyls, turgor maintenance and osmotic adjustment in pea plants (Pisums ativum L.) subjected to water stress. Field Crop Research. 86: 81-90.
Vaezi -Rad, S., Shekari, F., Shirani Rad, A.H. and Zangani, A. (2008). Effects of water stress at different growth stages on yield and yield components of red bean. Modern Science of Sustainable Agriculture Journal, 10:85-94.
Yordanov, I., Velikova, V. and Tsonev, T. (2003). Plant response to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgaria Journal Plant Physiol (Special Issue). 2(3): 187-206.
Zabet, M., Bahamin, S., Ghoreishi, S., Sadeghi, H., and Moosavi, S.G. (2015). Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative yield of aboveground part of forage pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 7(2):187-194.