تاثیر اکسید سیلیسیم و اسید سالیسیلیک بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی خربزه (Cucumis melo var. inodorus)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
مجتبی صلاحی استاد
1
(گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران)
ملیحه مرشدلو
2
(گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران)
محمد مقدم
3
(گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران)
کلید واژه: عملکرد, پرولین, فنل کل, تعداد روز تا گلدهی, فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش به منظور افزایش عملکرد و کیفیت محصول خربزه در سال 1397 به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل با دوعامل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. فاکتور های آزمایش شامل محلول پاشی نشاء ها با اسید سالیسیلیک در سه غلظت (0، 1 و 2 میلی مولار) و فروبری ریشه آنها در محلول اکسید سیلیسیم در سه غلظت (0، 5/0 و 1 گرم در لیتر) بود. صفات مورد آزمایش شامل تعداد روز تا گلدهی، تعداد میوه در بوته، متوسط وزن میوه، متوسط تولید میوه در بوته، عملکرد نهایی،میزان فنل کل، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانتی، محتوای پرولین و کربوهیدرات محلول بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین میزان عملکرد میوه، کربوهیدرات محلول و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانتی مربوط به اثر متقابل محلول پاشی 2 میلی مولار اسید سالیسیلیک و کاربرد 5/0 گرم در لیتر اکسید سیلیسیم بود. میزان پرولین و فنل کل در تیمار محلول پاشی 2 میلی مولار اسید سالیسیلیک و کاربرد 5/0 گرم در لیتر اکسید سیلیسیم نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. در این آزمایش تیمار محلول پاشی 2 میلی مولار اسید سالیسیلیک و کاربرد 5/0 گرم در لیتر اکسید سیلیسیم برتری بیشتری نسبت به دیگر تیمار ها در اکثر صفات اندازه گیری شده داشت.
This study was carried out to enhance yield and quality of Persian melon crop in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018. The treatments consisted of foliar application of salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 mM) and root drowning in the aqueous solution of silicon oxide at three concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1 g/L). The measured traits were the number of days to flowering, average fruit weight, average fruit production per plant, fruit number per plant, final yield, total phenol, antioxidant activity, proline, and soluble carbohydrate. Results showed that the highest fruit yield, total carbohydrate, and antioxidant activity were obtained in the interaction effect of 2 mM salicylic acid spray with 0.5 g/L silicon oxide application. The amount of proline and total phenol increased in 2 mM salicylic acid and 0.5 g/L silicon oxide treatment compared to control. In this experiment, foliar application of 2 mM salicylic acid with 0.5 g/L silicon oxide were superior to other treatments in the most measured traits.
Abu-Zinada, I.A. (2015). Effect of salinity levels and application stage on cucumber and soil under greenhouse condition. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 8(1): 73-80.
Akbari, S.L., Sayyari, M. and Ghanbari, F. (2015). Increasing chilling resistance of cucumber seedlings by some plant growth regulators. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(16): 25-37. (In Persian)
Azizi, Z., Barzgar, T. and Ghahremani, Z. (2017). The effect of humic acid and salicylic acid on yield and quality of Zard Jalali fruit melon under drought stress. Journal of Crops Improvement. 19(2): 387-400. (In Persian)
Bates, L., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Cavins, T., Marek, S. and Kamenidou, S. (2010). Impact of silicon on plant growth. June 21, 2010, from www.greenhousemag.com/article/gmpro-0610-silicon-plant-growth/.
Cuskan, D., Britto, D.T., Huynh, W.Q. and Kronzucker, H.J. (2016). The role of silicon in higher plants under salinity and drought stress. Front Plant Science. 7:1-7
Davoodi, M., Esmaielpour, B. and Fatemi, H. (2018). Effect of silicon nutrition on alleviation the detrimental effects of nickel stress in (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Plant Processing Function. 7(24): 25-38. (In Persian)
Ding, C.K., Wang, C.Y. and Gross, K.C. (2002). Jasmonate and salicylate induce the expression of pathogenesis-related-protein genes and increase resistance to chilling injury in tomato fruit. Planta. 214: 895–901.
Ehsanpour, A.A. and Maliki, M.S. (2017). Effect of salicylic acid on total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and phenylalanine ammonium and tyrosine ammonium enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.). Iranian Plant Biology. 9 (4): 55-68. (In Persian).
Ez-zohra, I.F., Said, Q., Mohamed, F. and Tayeb, K. (2014). Biochemical changes in grapevines roots in responses to osmotic stress. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 4(7): 1-5.
Farzaneh, M., Ghanbari, M., Jahromi, A. and Javanmardi, Sh. (2013). The effect of salicylic acid spraying on the amount of osmolites and pigments under cold stress photosynthetic conditions of the eggplant. Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 32(4): 75-83. (In Persian)
Fatemi, L.S., Tabatabaei S.J. and Fallahi E. (2009). The effect of silicon on the growth and yield of strawberry grown under saline conditions. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 23(1): 88-95. (In Persian)
Ghaderi, N. and Siosemardeh, A. (2011). Response to drought stress of two strawberry cultivars (cv. Kurdistan and Selva). Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 52(1): 6-12.
Ghahrmani, M., Abaspur, A. and Golchin, A. (2014). The effects of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and different levels of nitrogen and silicon on growth and yield of cucumber. Thesis Shahrood University of Technology. Department of Soil Science.
Ghasemi, I., Musabpour, H., Taheri, F. and Saluki, M. (2014). Investigating the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity stress on some physiological traits of melon (Cucumis melo L.), the 13th Iranian Conference on Plant Breeding and the Third Conference on Science and Technology Seeds of Iran, Association of Agro-Cultivation Sciences of Iran. (In Persian)
Ghorbani-Dehkordi A., Mashayekhi K., Kamkar B. and Rahmani B. (2015). Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and lime sulfur on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato transplanting var. Super A. 3. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology. 2(1): 65-80. (In Persian)
Gunes, A., Pilbeam, D.J., Inal, A. and Coban, S. (2008). Influence of silicon on sunflower cultivars under drought stress, I: Growth, antioxidant mechanisms, and lipid peroxidation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 39(13-14): 1885-1903.
Guy, L., Joan, L., Huber, A. and Steven, C.H. (1992). Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose accumulation at low temperature. Plant Physiology. 100: 502-508.
Heidarian, N., Barzegar, T. and Ghahremani, Z. (2016). Effect of water deficit stress on the growth, yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of some Iranian melon accessions. Journal of Crops Improvement. 2(19): 287-302. (In Persian).
Janmohammadi, M., Amanzadeh, T., Sabaghnia, N. and Ion, V. (2016). Effect of nano-silicon foliar application on safflower growth under organic and inorganic fertilizer regimes. Botanica Lithuanica. 22(1): 53–64.
Keshavarz, H., Modares Sanavi, A., Zarrin Kamar, F. and Dolat Abadian, A. (2011). Study on the effect of salicylic acid spraying on some biochemical characteristics of two canola varieties (B.rassica napus L.) under cold stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4(42): 161-178. (In Persian)
Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. (2015). Basics of Plant Nutrition. Publisher Isfahan University of Technology.
Khurama, J.P.S. and Cleland, C.F. (1992). Role of salicylic acid and benzoic acid in flowering of a photoperiodinsensitive strain, Lemna paucicostata LP6. Plant Physiology. 100: 1541-1546.
Kinraide, T.B. and Parker, D.R. (1990). Apparent phytotoxicity of mononuclear hydroxy‐aluminum to four dicotyledonous species. Physiologia Plantarum. 79(2): 283-288.
Liang, Y.C. (1999). Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant Soil. 209: 217-224.
Liang, Y.C., Zhang, W.H., Chen, Q., Liu, Y.L. and Ding, R.X. (2006). Effect of exogenous silicon (Si) on H+-ATPase activity, phospholipids and fluidity of plasma membrane in leaves of salt –stressed barely (Hordeum vulgare L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 57: 212-219.
Liu, J.J., Lin, S.H., Xu, P.L., Wang, X.J. and Bai, J.G. (2009). Effects of exogenous silicon on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in chilling-stressed cucumber leaves. Agricultural Sciences in China. 8(9): 1075-1086.
Mahdavi, Z., Javadi, T. and Ghaderi, N. (2017). Effects of silica and drought stress on morphological and biochemical characteristics of two strawberry cultivars under soilless condition. Msc Thesis, University of Kurdistan, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science. Kurdistan. Pp 161. (In Persian)
Maleki, M.S. and Ehsanpour, A.A. (2018). Effect of salicylic acid on total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and PAL and TAL enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) plants. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 9(4): 54-67.
Mardani, H., Bayat, H. and Azizi, M. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid spraying on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science. 3(25): 320-326. (In Persian).
Martín-Mex, R., Villanueva-Couoh, E., Uicab-Quijano, V. and LarquéSaavedra, A. (2003). Positive effect of salicylic acid on the flowering of gloxinia. Proceedings 31st Annual Meeting. Plant Growth Regulation Society of America. Vancouver, Canada. Pp: 149-151.
Mirakhoori, H, Mostafavi, M. and Oraqi-Ardebili, Z. (2012). Effect of planting date on yield and quality characteristics of different varieties of melons under Garmsar conditions. MSc. Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Garmsar. Pp 100. (In Persian).
Mir-Mosafaye-Moghaddam, S.M., Padasht, M.N. and Eslami, A. (2014). The effect of silicon on the growth traits and resistance of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) to powdery mildew disease. Journal of Ornamental Plants. 6(3): 173-180.
Miyake, Y. and Takahashi, E. (1983). Effect of silicon on the growth of cucumber plant in soil culture. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 29(4): 463-471.
Moghbeli, T. and Arvin, M. (2014). Effect of seed preparation with growth regulators on germination, growth and yield of cantaloupe fruit. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 4(1): 23-33. (In Persian).
Mohaghegh, P., Mohammadkhani, A. and Fadaei, A. (2015). Effects of Silicon on the growth, ion distribution and physiological mechanisms that alleviate oxidative stress induced by powdery mildew infection in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, var. Styriac).Crop Protection. 4(3): 419-429.
Mohamadnia, R., Rezaei-Nejad, A. and Bahraminejad, S. (2017). Effect of irrigation interval and silicon on some morpho-physiological and biochemical properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 49(1): 37-45. (In Persian).
Moharekar, S.T., Lo Khande, S.D., Hara T., Tancaku, R., Tanaka. A. and Chavan, P.D. (2003). Effect of salicylic acid on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat and mung seedlings. Photosynthetica, 41: 315-317.
Mohsenzadeh, S., Shahrtash, M. and Mohabatkar, H. (2011). Interactive effects of salicylic acid and silicon on some physiological responses of cadmium-stressed maize seedlings. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology. 35(1): 57–60. (In Persian).
Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. (1998). Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low density lipoprotein. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 46: 5062-5065.
Moradmand, Y., Mobli, M. and Ramin, A.A. (2015). Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on increasing cold tolerance of Bell Pepper (cv. Emily) seedlings. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(16): 123-133. (In Persian).
Nasrabadi, H.N., Nemati, H., Kafi, M. and Arouei, H. (2015). Effect of foliar application with salicylic acid on two Iranian melons (Cucumis melo L.) under water deficit. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 10(33): 3305-3309. (In Persian).
Nourafcan, H. and Mahboubi, A. (2017). The effect of salicylic acid foliar spraying on morphophysiological characteristics of common mallow and Moldavian balm. Agroecology Journal. 13(3): 25-33. (In Persian).
Pontigo, S., Godoy, K., Jiménez, H., Gutiérrez-Moraga, A., Mora, M. L. and Cartes, P. (2017). Silicon-Mediated alleviation of aluminum toxicity by modulation of Al/Si uptake and antioxidant performance in ryegrass plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 642.
Romero-Aranda, M.R., Jurado, O. and Cuartero, J. (2006). Silicon alleviates the deleterious salt effect on tomato plant growth by improving plant water status. Journal of Plant Physiology. 163: 847-855.
Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1992). In: Biochemical Methods for Agricultural Sciences. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi. Pp.184-185.
Safari, S., Erfani-Moghadam, J. and Zarea, M.J. (2017). Effects of salicylic acid on some morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of walnut seedlings under salinity condition. Journal of Plant Processing and Function. 6(21): 223-236. (In Persian).
Savvas, D., Giotis, D., Chatzieustratiou, E., Bakea, M. and Patakioutas, G. (2009). Silicon supply in soilless cultivations of zucchini alleviates stress induced by salinity and powdery mildew infections. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 65(1): 11-17.
Sayedpour, F. (2013). Evaluation of cold tolerance of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) by treatment of some chemical and non-chemical compounds. M.Sc., Ilam University. (In Persian).
Sayyari, M., Babalar, M., Kalantari, S., Martinez-Romero, D., Guillén, F., Serrano, M. and Valero, D. (2011). Vapour treatments with methyl salicylate or methyl jasmonate alleviated chilling injury and enhanced antioxidant potential during postharvest storage of pomegranates. Food Chemistry. 124: 964–970.
Sentíes-Herrera, H.E., Trejo-Téllez, L.I., Volke-Haller, V.H., Cadena-Íñiguez, J., Sánchez-García, P. and Gómez-Merino, F.C. (2018). Iodine, silicon, and vanadium differentially affect growth, flowering, and quality components of stalks in sugarcane. Sugar Technology. 20(5): 518–533.
Siddiqui, M.H., Al-Whaibi, M.H., Faisal, M. and Al-Sahli, A.A. (2014). Nano-silicon dioxide mitigates the adverse effects of salt stress on Cucurbita pepo L. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 33(11): 2429-2437.
Silva, O.N., Lobato, A.K.S., Ávila, F.W., Costa, R.C.L., Oliveira Neto, C.F., Santos Filho, B.G., Martins Filho, A.P., Lemos, R.P., Pinho, J.M., Medeiros, M.B.C.L. and Cardoso, M.S. (2012). Silicon-induced increase in chlorophyll is modulated by the leaf water potential in two water-deficient tomato cultivars. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment. 58(11): 481-486.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolic with phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acid reagent. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 16: 144-158.
Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Kumar, D. and Chauhan, D.K. (2012.) Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent
chromium. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34: 279–289.
Vega, I., Nikolic, M., Pontigo, S., Godoy, K., Luz-Mora, M. and Cartes, P. (2019). Silicon improves the production of high antioxidant or structural phenolic compounds in barley cultivars under aluminum stress. Agronomy. 9(7): 388.
Wang, F., Zeng, B., Sun, Z. and Zhu, C. (2009). Relationship between proline and Hg2+ induced oxidative stress in a tolerant rice mutant. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 56(4): 723-731.
Yousefi, H., Sahebani N., Faravardeh, L. and Mahdavi, V. (2011). Application of a combination of salicylic acid and Bacillus subtilis to control cucumber root and stem rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, and evaluation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science. 46(4): 293-308. (In Persian).
Zhao, H.J., Lin, X.W., Shi, H.Z. and Chang, S.M. (1995). The regulating effects of phenolic compounds on the physiological characteristics and yield of soybeans. Journal of Acta Agronomy and Crop Science. 21: 351-355.
Zhu, Y. and Gong, H. (2014). Beneficial effects of silicon on salt and drought tolerance in plants. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 34: 455-472.
_||_
Abu-Zinada, I.A. (2015). Effect of salinity levels and application stage on cucumber and soil under greenhouse condition. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 8(1): 73-80.
Akbari, S.L., Sayyari, M. and Ghanbari, F. (2015). Increasing chilling resistance of cucumber seedlings by some plant growth regulators. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(16): 25-37. (In Persian)
Azizi, Z., Barzgar, T. and Ghahremani, Z. (2017). The effect of humic acid and salicylic acid on yield and quality of Zard Jalali fruit melon under drought stress. Journal of Crops Improvement. 19(2): 387-400. (In Persian)
Bates, L., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Cavins, T., Marek, S. and Kamenidou, S. (2010). Impact of silicon on plant growth. June 21, 2010, from www.greenhousemag.com/article/gmpro-0610-silicon-plant-growth/.
Cuskan, D., Britto, D.T., Huynh, W.Q. and Kronzucker, H.J. (2016). The role of silicon in higher plants under salinity and drought stress. Front Plant Science. 7:1-7
Davoodi, M., Esmaielpour, B. and Fatemi, H. (2018). Effect of silicon nutrition on alleviation the detrimental effects of nickel stress in (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Plant Processing Function. 7(24): 25-38. (In Persian)
Ding, C.K., Wang, C.Y. and Gross, K.C. (2002). Jasmonate and salicylate induce the expression of pathogenesis-related-protein genes and increase resistance to chilling injury in tomato fruit. Planta. 214: 895–901.
Ehsanpour, A.A. and Maliki, M.S. (2017). Effect of salicylic acid on total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and phenylalanine ammonium and tyrosine ammonium enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.). Iranian Plant Biology. 9 (4): 55-68. (In Persian).
Ez-zohra, I.F., Said, Q., Mohamed, F. and Tayeb, K. (2014). Biochemical changes in grapevines roots in responses to osmotic stress. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 4(7): 1-5.
Farzaneh, M., Ghanbari, M., Jahromi, A. and Javanmardi, Sh. (2013). The effect of salicylic acid spraying on the amount of osmolites and pigments under cold stress photosynthetic conditions of the eggplant. Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 32(4): 75-83. (In Persian)
Fatemi, L.S., Tabatabaei S.J. and Fallahi E. (2009). The effect of silicon on the growth and yield of strawberry grown under saline conditions. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 23(1): 88-95. (In Persian)
Ghaderi, N. and Siosemardeh, A. (2011). Response to drought stress of two strawberry cultivars (cv. Kurdistan and Selva). Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 52(1): 6-12.
Ghahrmani, M., Abaspur, A. and Golchin, A. (2014). The effects of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and different levels of nitrogen and silicon on growth and yield of cucumber. Thesis Shahrood University of Technology. Department of Soil Science.
Ghasemi, I., Musabpour, H., Taheri, F. and Saluki, M. (2014). Investigating the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity stress on some physiological traits of melon (Cucumis melo L.), the 13th Iranian Conference on Plant Breeding and the Third Conference on Science and Technology Seeds of Iran, Association of Agro-Cultivation Sciences of Iran. (In Persian)
Ghorbani-Dehkordi A., Mashayekhi K., Kamkar B. and Rahmani B. (2015). Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and lime sulfur on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato transplanting var. Super A. 3. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology. 2(1): 65-80. (In Persian)
Gunes, A., Pilbeam, D.J., Inal, A. and Coban, S. (2008). Influence of silicon on sunflower cultivars under drought stress, I: Growth, antioxidant mechanisms, and lipid peroxidation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 39(13-14): 1885-1903.
Guy, L., Joan, L., Huber, A. and Steven, C.H. (1992). Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose accumulation at low temperature. Plant Physiology. 100: 502-508.
Heidarian, N., Barzegar, T. and Ghahremani, Z. (2016). Effect of water deficit stress on the growth, yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of some Iranian melon accessions. Journal of Crops Improvement. 2(19): 287-302. (In Persian).
Janmohammadi, M., Amanzadeh, T., Sabaghnia, N. and Ion, V. (2016). Effect of nano-silicon foliar application on safflower growth under organic and inorganic fertilizer regimes. Botanica Lithuanica. 22(1): 53–64.
Keshavarz, H., Modares Sanavi, A., Zarrin Kamar, F. and Dolat Abadian, A. (2011). Study on the effect of salicylic acid spraying on some biochemical characteristics of two canola varieties (B.rassica napus L.) under cold stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4(42): 161-178. (In Persian)
Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. (2015). Basics of Plant Nutrition. Publisher Isfahan University of Technology.
Khurama, J.P.S. and Cleland, C.F. (1992). Role of salicylic acid and benzoic acid in flowering of a photoperiodinsensitive strain, Lemna paucicostata LP6. Plant Physiology. 100: 1541-1546.
Kinraide, T.B. and Parker, D.R. (1990). Apparent phytotoxicity of mononuclear hydroxy‐aluminum to four dicotyledonous species. Physiologia Plantarum. 79(2): 283-288.
Liang, Y.C. (1999). Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant Soil. 209: 217-224.
Liang, Y.C., Zhang, W.H., Chen, Q., Liu, Y.L. and Ding, R.X. (2006). Effect of exogenous silicon (Si) on H+-ATPase activity, phospholipids and fluidity of plasma membrane in leaves of salt –stressed barely (Hordeum vulgare L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 57: 212-219.
Liu, J.J., Lin, S.H., Xu, P.L., Wang, X.J. and Bai, J.G. (2009). Effects of exogenous silicon on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in chilling-stressed cucumber leaves. Agricultural Sciences in China. 8(9): 1075-1086.
Mahdavi, Z., Javadi, T. and Ghaderi, N. (2017). Effects of silica and drought stress on morphological and biochemical characteristics of two strawberry cultivars under soilless condition. Msc Thesis, University of Kurdistan, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science. Kurdistan. Pp 161. (In Persian)
Maleki, M.S. and Ehsanpour, A.A. (2018). Effect of salicylic acid on total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and PAL and TAL enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) plants. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 9(4): 54-67.
Mardani, H., Bayat, H. and Azizi, M. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid spraying on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science. 3(25): 320-326. (In Persian).
Martín-Mex, R., Villanueva-Couoh, E., Uicab-Quijano, V. and LarquéSaavedra, A. (2003). Positive effect of salicylic acid on the flowering of gloxinia. Proceedings 31st Annual Meeting. Plant Growth Regulation Society of America. Vancouver, Canada. Pp: 149-151.
Mirakhoori, H, Mostafavi, M. and Oraqi-Ardebili, Z. (2012). Effect of planting date on yield and quality characteristics of different varieties of melons under Garmsar conditions. MSc. Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Garmsar. Pp 100. (In Persian).
Mir-Mosafaye-Moghaddam, S.M., Padasht, M.N. and Eslami, A. (2014). The effect of silicon on the growth traits and resistance of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) to powdery mildew disease. Journal of Ornamental Plants. 6(3): 173-180.
Miyake, Y. and Takahashi, E. (1983). Effect of silicon on the growth of cucumber plant in soil culture. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 29(4): 463-471.
Moghbeli, T. and Arvin, M. (2014). Effect of seed preparation with growth regulators on germination, growth and yield of cantaloupe fruit. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 4(1): 23-33. (In Persian).
Mohaghegh, P., Mohammadkhani, A. and Fadaei, A. (2015). Effects of Silicon on the growth, ion distribution and physiological mechanisms that alleviate oxidative stress induced by powdery mildew infection in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, var. Styriac).Crop Protection. 4(3): 419-429.
Mohamadnia, R., Rezaei-Nejad, A. and Bahraminejad, S. (2017). Effect of irrigation interval and silicon on some morpho-physiological and biochemical properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 49(1): 37-45. (In Persian).
Moharekar, S.T., Lo Khande, S.D., Hara T., Tancaku, R., Tanaka. A. and Chavan, P.D. (2003). Effect of salicylic acid on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat and mung seedlings. Photosynthetica, 41: 315-317.
Mohsenzadeh, S., Shahrtash, M. and Mohabatkar, H. (2011). Interactive effects of salicylic acid and silicon on some physiological responses of cadmium-stressed maize seedlings. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology. 35(1): 57–60. (In Persian).
Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. (1998). Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low density lipoprotein. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 46: 5062-5065.
Moradmand, Y., Mobli, M. and Ramin, A.A. (2015). Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on increasing cold tolerance of Bell Pepper (cv. Emily) seedlings. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(16): 123-133. (In Persian).
Nasrabadi, H.N., Nemati, H., Kafi, M. and Arouei, H. (2015). Effect of foliar application with salicylic acid on two Iranian melons (Cucumis melo L.) under water deficit. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 10(33): 3305-3309. (In Persian).
Nourafcan, H. and Mahboubi, A. (2017). The effect of salicylic acid foliar spraying on morphophysiological characteristics of common mallow and Moldavian balm. Agroecology Journal. 13(3): 25-33. (In Persian).
Pontigo, S., Godoy, K., Jiménez, H., Gutiérrez-Moraga, A., Mora, M. L. and Cartes, P. (2017). Silicon-Mediated alleviation of aluminum toxicity by modulation of Al/Si uptake and antioxidant performance in ryegrass plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 642.
Romero-Aranda, M.R., Jurado, O. and Cuartero, J. (2006). Silicon alleviates the deleterious salt effect on tomato plant growth by improving plant water status. Journal of Plant Physiology. 163: 847-855.
Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1992). In: Biochemical Methods for Agricultural Sciences. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi. Pp.184-185.
Safari, S., Erfani-Moghadam, J. and Zarea, M.J. (2017). Effects of salicylic acid on some morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of walnut seedlings under salinity condition. Journal of Plant Processing and Function. 6(21): 223-236. (In Persian).
Savvas, D., Giotis, D., Chatzieustratiou, E., Bakea, M. and Patakioutas, G. (2009). Silicon supply in soilless cultivations of zucchini alleviates stress induced by salinity and powdery mildew infections. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 65(1): 11-17.
Sayedpour, F. (2013). Evaluation of cold tolerance of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) by treatment of some chemical and non-chemical compounds. M.Sc., Ilam University. (In Persian).
Sayyari, M., Babalar, M., Kalantari, S., Martinez-Romero, D., Guillén, F., Serrano, M. and Valero, D. (2011). Vapour treatments with methyl salicylate or methyl jasmonate alleviated chilling injury and enhanced antioxidant potential during postharvest storage of pomegranates. Food Chemistry. 124: 964–970.
Sentíes-Herrera, H.E., Trejo-Téllez, L.I., Volke-Haller, V.H., Cadena-Íñiguez, J., Sánchez-García, P. and Gómez-Merino, F.C. (2018). Iodine, silicon, and vanadium differentially affect growth, flowering, and quality components of stalks in sugarcane. Sugar Technology. 20(5): 518–533.
Siddiqui, M.H., Al-Whaibi, M.H., Faisal, M. and Al-Sahli, A.A. (2014). Nano-silicon dioxide mitigates the adverse effects of salt stress on Cucurbita pepo L. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 33(11): 2429-2437.
Silva, O.N., Lobato, A.K.S., Ávila, F.W., Costa, R.C.L., Oliveira Neto, C.F., Santos Filho, B.G., Martins Filho, A.P., Lemos, R.P., Pinho, J.M., Medeiros, M.B.C.L. and Cardoso, M.S. (2012). Silicon-induced increase in chlorophyll is modulated by the leaf water potential in two water-deficient tomato cultivars. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment. 58(11): 481-486.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolic with phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acid reagent. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 16: 144-158.
Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Kumar, D. and Chauhan, D.K. (2012.) Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent
chromium. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34: 279–289.
Vega, I., Nikolic, M., Pontigo, S., Godoy, K., Luz-Mora, M. and Cartes, P. (2019). Silicon improves the production of high antioxidant or structural phenolic compounds in barley cultivars under aluminum stress. Agronomy. 9(7): 388.
Wang, F., Zeng, B., Sun, Z. and Zhu, C. (2009). Relationship between proline and Hg2+ induced oxidative stress in a tolerant rice mutant. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 56(4): 723-731.
Yousefi, H., Sahebani N., Faravardeh, L. and Mahdavi, V. (2011). Application of a combination of salicylic acid and Bacillus subtilis to control cucumber root and stem rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, and evaluation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science. 46(4): 293-308. (In Persian).
Zhao, H.J., Lin, X.W., Shi, H.Z. and Chang, S.M. (1995). The regulating effects of phenolic compounds on the physiological characteristics and yield of soybeans. Journal of Acta Agronomy and Crop Science. 21: 351-355.
Zhu, Y. and Gong, H. (2014). Beneficial effects of silicon on salt and drought tolerance in plants. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 34: 455-472.