اثر سطوح مختلف کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست و آزومیت بر فاکتورهای رشدی، بیوشیمیایی و جذب عناصر غذایی مرزه تابستانه (Satureja hortensis L.)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
رسول نریمانی
1
,
محمد مقدم
2
,
حسن ابراهیمی
3
,
دانیال شکوهی
4
1 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 - گروه خاکشناسی شرکت کشاورزی و دامپروری کاوندیش نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران
4 - گروه بیوتکنولوژی و به‌نژادی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: عناصر غذایی, کود آلی, رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی, فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی, شاخص‌های رشدی,
چکیده مقاله :
ورمی‌کمپوست به‌عنوان کود زیستی، از طریق بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی توسط گیاه و آزومیت با داشتن طیف کاملی از عناصر مفید، سبب افزایش عملکرد و بهبود صفات رشدی گیاهان می‌شوند. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف ورمی‌کمپوست و آزومیت بر عملکرد و برخی ویژگی‌های کیفی و جذب عناصر معدنی در مرزه تابستانه آزمایشی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1396 به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با دو فاکتور شامل کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست و آزومیت به‌ترتیب در چهار سطح (0، 5، 10 و 15 درصد) و (0، 3، 6 و 9 گرم در کیلوگرم خاک) و در سه تکرار انجام شد. صفات مورد بررسی شامل ارتفاع گیاه، وزن‌تر و خشک بوته، تعداد شاخه‌فرعی، محتوای رطوبت نسبی، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، میزان فنل کل و کربوهیدرات محلول و همچنین جذب عناصر غذایی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده توأم ورمی‌کمپوست و آزومیت به‌ویژه سطوح 10 و 15 درصد ورمی‌کمپوست به همراه کاربرد 3 گرم آزومیت در کیلوگرم خاک سبب افزایش معنی‌دار صفات رشدی گیاه از قبیل وزن‌تر و خشک برگ و ساقه، طول میانگره و قطر ساقه و صفات بیوشیمیایی نظیر محتوای رطوبت نسبی، میزان قند محلول و رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی نسبت به گیاهان شاهد (عدم کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست و آزومیت) گردید. برهمکنش بین ورمی‌کمپوست و آزومیت بر غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر، سدیم، آهن، روی و منگنز برگ مرزه تأثیر معنی‌داری داشت؛ به‌طوری‌که استفاده از ورمی‌کمپوست (سطوح 10 و 15 درصد) همراه با آزومیت (در هر سه سطح) سبب افزایش قابل‌توجه غلظت این عناصر نسبت به شاهد گردید. همچنین مشاهده گردید که استفاده از ورمی‌کمپوست به‌تنهایی سبب افزایش معنی‌دار میزان پتاسیم و منیزیم در گیاه نسبت به تیمار بدون کود گشت. درمجموع نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که استفاده از کود ورمی‌کمپوست و خاک معدنی آزومیت می‌تواند باعث بهبود صفات کمی و کیفی و جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاه مرزه تابستانه شود.
Vermicompost as a bio-fertilizer increases plant yield and improves its growth traits through improving the physicochemical properties of the soil and enhancement of nutrients absorption by plants. Azomite also improves plant yield and growth traits through exhaustive range of beneficial elements. In order to investigate effects of different levels of vermicompost and Azomite application on growth and some qualitative characteristics and mineral absorption of summer savory, a pot factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors, namely vermicompost and Azomite in four levels (0, 5, 10, and 15%) and (0, 3, 6, and 9 g/kg soil), respectively in the research greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018. The traits under investigation included plant height, plant fresh and dry weight, number of branches, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and soluble carbohydrates content, as well as absorption of nutrients. Results showed that application 10% and 15% vermicompost combined with 3 grams of Azomite per kg of soil increased significantly plant growth parameters such as leaf and stem fresh and dry weight, internode length, and stem diameter as well as biochemical traits such as relative water content, soluble sugar content, and photosynthetic pigments compared to control plants (non-application of vermicompost and Azomite). The interaction between vermicompost and Azomite had a significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, iron, zinc, and manganese concentrations. The use of vermicompost (levels 10% and 15%) with Azomite (at all three levels) significantly increased the concentration of these elements compared to the control treatment. It was also observed that the use of vermicompost as alone caused a significant increase in potassium and magnesium in plants compared with non-fertilized treatment. In general, the results of this experiment showed that using vermicompost and Azomite mineral fertilizer can improve quantitative and qualitative traits and absorption of nutrients in summer savory.
Aćimović, M.G., Dolijanović, Ž.K., Oljača, S.I., Kovačević, D.D. and Oljača, M.V. (2015). Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on essential oil content in caraway, anise and coriander fruits. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus. 14(1): 95-103.
Ahmad, A.Z., Ghajar, S.M. and Bahmanyar, M.A. (2011). Effect of vermicompost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of Crops Improvement. 13(2):1-12. (In Persian).
Alikhani, H.A. and Mohamadi, L. (2008). Comparison between physic-chemical characteristics of vermicompost and cold compost and their effects on growth indices in tomato. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 39(1): 201-207. (In Persian).
Amjazi, H. and Hamidpour, M. (2012). Effects of phosphorus, vermicompost and natural zeolite on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Zinnia elegans. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 3 (2):79-87. (In Persian).
Ansarifar, M., Noormohamadi, G., Seyed Hadi, M.R.H. and Riazi, G. (2012). Effect of organic nutrients on flower yield and oil content of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products. 2: 177- 181.
Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A.A. and Khanuja, S.P.S. (2005). Effects of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Journal Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36(13-14): 1737-1746.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R. and Metzger, J.D. (2004). Effect of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Brioresource Technology. 93(2): 139-144.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Welch, C. and Metzger, J.D. (2004). Influences of vermicompost on field strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology. 93(2): 145-153.
Arancon, N.Q., Galvis, P.A. and Edwards, C.A. (2005). Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicompost. Bioresource Technology. 96(10): 1137-1142.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A. and Metzger, J.D. (2000). Influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology. 75(3): 175-180.
Azcón, R., Ambrosano, E. and Charest, C. (2003). Nutrient acquisition in mycorrhizal lettuce plants under different phosphorus and nitrogen concentration. Plant Science. 165(5): 1137-1145.
Badr, L.A.A. and Fekry, W.A. (1998). Effect of intercropping and doses of fertilization on growth and productivity of taro and cucumber plants. 1-vegetative growth and chemical constituents of foliage. Zagazig Journal Agriculture Research. 25: 1087–101.
Bahrami, M., Rahgozar, R. and Ghanipour, M. (2016). Herben modifying gardening gardens - plant growth and reinforcement. Available online at: http://www.Herbban.com/.Accessed April 4. 2016. (In Persian).
Barrs, H.D. and Weatherley, P.E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity techniques for the estimating water deficit in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 15(3): 413-428.
Chatiopadhyay, N., Gupta, M.D. and Gupta, S.K. (1992). Effects of city waste compost and fertilizers on the growth, nutrient prate and yield of rice. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 40(3):464-468.
Darzi, M.T., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. and Rejali, F. (2009). The effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphatic biofertilizer application on quantity and quality of essential oil in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 24(4): 396-413. (In Persian).
Darzi, M. T., Haj, S.H.M. and Rejali, F. (2011). Effects of vermicompost and phosphate biofertilizer application on yield and yield components in Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(2): 452-465. (In Persian).
Darzi, M.T., Hadi, M.H.S. and Rejali, F. (2012). Effects of the application or vermicomposting and nitrogen fixing bacteria on quantity and quality of the essential oil in dill. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6(21): 3793- 3799.
Eskandari, M. and Astaraei, A.R. (2007). Effects of various organic matters on growth characteristics and biomass production and seed yield of chickpea. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5(1): 19-27. (In Persian).
Ghasemzadeh, A. and Jaafar, H. (2011). Effect of CO2 enrichment on synthesis of some primary and secondary metabolites in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12(2):1101-1114.
Godara, A.S., Gupta, U.S., Lal, G. and Singh, R. (2014). Influence of organic and inorganic source of fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). International Journal of Seed Spices. 4(2): 77-80.
Gong, H.J., Chen, K.M., Chen, G.C., Wang, S.M. and Zhang, C.L. (2003). Effects of silicon on growth of wheat under drought. Journal Plant Nutrition. 26(5):1055-1063.
Gottardi, S., Iacuzzo, F., Tomasi, N., Cortella, G., Manzocco, L., Pinton, R., Romheld, V., Mimmo, T., Scampicchio, M., Dalla Costa, L. and Cesco, S. (2012). Beneficial effects of silicon on hydroponically grown corn salad (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr) plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 56: 14-23.
Guarda, G., Padovan, S. and Delogu, G. (2004). Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. European Journal of Agronomy. 21(2): 181-192.
Habashy, N.R., El-Khair, A.W.A., and Zaki, R.N. (2008). Effect of organic and biofertilizers on phosphorus and some micronutrients availability in a calcareous soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 4(5): 545-552.
Imami, A. (1996). Plant decomposition methods. Technical Journal No. 982. Institute of Soil and Water Research. Tehran. 202 p. (In Persian).
Joshi, R., Vig, A.P. and Singh, J. (2013). Vermicompost as soil supplement to enhance growth, yield and quality of Triticum aestivum L.: a field study. International Journal of Recycle in of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 2(1):16.
Kalantari, S., Ardalan, M.M., Alikhani, H.A. and Shorafa, M. (2011). Comparison of compost and vermicompost of yard Leaf manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield of corn. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42(2):123–131.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93(3): 307-311.
Keles, Y. and Öncel, I. (2004). Growth and solute composition in two wheat species experiencing combined influence of stress conditions. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 51(2): 203-209.
Khalesro, S., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. and Asgharzadeh, A. (2012). The effect of biological and organic inputs on quantity and quality of essential oil and some elements content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(4): 551-560. (In Persian).
Kizilkaya, R. (2008). Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering. 33(2):150–156.
Leeke, G., Gaspar, F. and Santos, R. (2003). The effect of water on the solubility of essential oils in dense CO2. Journal of Essential oil Research. 15(3): 172-177.
Liu, E., Yan, C., Mei, X., He, W., Bing, S.H., Ding, L., Liu, Q., Liu, S. and Fan, T. (2010). Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma. 158(3-4): 173–180.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany. 78(3): 389-398.
Mafakheri, S., Omidbaigi, R., Sefidkon, F. and Rejali, F. (2012). Effect of vermicompost, biophosphate and azotobacter on quantity and quality of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27(4): 596-605. (In Persian).
Mahfouz, S.A. and Sharaf-Eldin, M.A. (2007). Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). International Agrophysics. 21(4): 361-366.
Mirzaei, R., Kambozia, J., Sabahi, H. and Mahdavi, A. (2009). Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties, production and biomass yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Iranian Journal of Crops Researches. 7(1): 257-267. (In Persian).
Mollafilabi, A., Moodi, H., Rashed, M.H. and Kafi, M. (2009). Effect of plant density and nitrogen on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L). In International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-SIPAM. 853: 115-126.
Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. (1998). Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low-density lipoprotein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46(12): 5062-5065.
Müller, V., Lankes, C., Zimmermann, B.F., Noga, G. and Hunsche, M. (2013). Centelloside accumulation in leaves of Centella asiatica is determined by resource partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism while influenced by supply levels of either nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. Journal of Plant Physiology. 170(13): 1165– 1175
Mumivand, H., Nooshkam, A., Moseni, A. and Babalar, M. (2013). Influence of nitrogen and calcium carbonate application rates on nitrate accumulation and yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 6(3): 109-124. (In Persian).
Naiji, M. and Souri, M.K. (2015). Evaluation of growth and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis) under organic and biological fertilizers toward organic production. Journal of the Plant Production. 38(3): 93-103. (In Persian)
Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A. and Das, K.C. (2000). Effects of stocking density and feeding rate vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource technology. 71(I):5-12.
Oktay, M., Gülçin, İ. and Küfrevioğlu, Ö.İ. (2003). Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 36(2): 263–271.
Osakabe, Y., Osakabe, K., ShinozakiK, A. and Tran, L.S. (2014). 'Response of plants to water stress'. Frontiers in Plant Science. 5:1-8.
Palmer, R. and Sharon, D. (2009). 'Digging Into Soil Health'. Available at web site www.growerssecret.com today’s Dietitican. Accessed 5 October 2012.
Pandey, R. (2005). Management of Meloidogyne incognita in Artemisia pallens with bio-organics Phytoparasitica. 33(3): 304-308.
Ratti, N., Kumar, S., Verma, H.N. and Gautam, S.P. (2001). Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiological Research. 156(2): 145-149.
Rezvani Moghadam, P., Amin Ghafoori, A., Bakhshaei, S. and Jafari, L. (2013). Study the effects of biological and organic fertilizers on quantitative traits and essential oil of savoy (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology. 5(2): 105-112. (In Persian).
Rezvani Moghadam, P., Bakhshaei, S., Amin Ghafoori, A. and Jafari, L. (2014). Study the effects of fertilizers management on production of savoy (Satureja hortensis L.) in Mashad condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 12(1): 27-33. (In Persian)
Akram, M.S., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2009). 'Effectiveness of potassium sulphate in mitigating salt induced adverse effects on different physio-biochemical attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 204(6): 471-483.
Salehi, A., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. and Asgharzade, A. (2011). The effect of zeolite, PGPR and vermicompost application on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(2): 188-201. (In Persian).
Sathe, T.V. (2016). Vermiculture and organic farming. Days publishing house, Delhi, India. 122p.
Sharma, A.K. (2002). Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Agrobios, India. 407 p.
Shirzadi, F., Ardakani, M.R. and Asadi Rahmani, H. (2014). Effect of biofertilizers on quantitative characterization of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology. 6(3): 542-551. (In Persian).
Singh, M. and Wasnik, K. (2013). Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and oil quality of rosemary. Communications In Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 44(18): 2691-2700.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phoshomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 16(3): 144-158.
Sinha, R.K., Valani, D., Chauhan, K. and Agarwal, S. (2010). Embarking on a second green revolution for sustainable agriculture by vermiculture biotechnology using earthworms: Reviving the dreams of Sir Charles Darwin. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development. 2(7): 113-128.
Wang, S.Y., Bunce, J.A. and Maas, J.L. (2003). Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of antioxidant compounds in field-grown strawberries. Journals Agriculture Food Chemistry. 51(15): 4315–432
Yarrow, D. (2000). 'Mineral Restoration & Utah Rock Dust'. ACRES Magazine, A Voice for Ecology-Agriculture. 30: 14–17.
Zgallaï, H., Steppe, K. and Lemeur, R. (2006). Effects of different levels of water stress on leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, protein and chlorophyll content and certain anti oxidative enzymes in Tomato plants. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 48(6): 679-685.
_||_
Aćimović, M.G., Dolijanović, Ž.K., Oljača, S.I., Kovačević, D.D. and Oljača, M.V. (2015). Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on essential oil content in caraway, anise and coriander fruits. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus. 14(1): 95-103.
Ahmad, A.Z., Ghajar, S.M. and Bahmanyar, M.A. (2011). Effect of vermicompost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of Crops Improvement. 13(2):1-12. (In Persian).
Alikhani, H.A. and Mohamadi, L. (2008). Comparison between physic-chemical characteristics of vermicompost and cold compost and their effects on growth indices in tomato. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 39(1): 201-207. (In Persian).
Amjazi, H. and Hamidpour, M. (2012). Effects of phosphorus, vermicompost and natural zeolite on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Zinnia elegans. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 3 (2):79-87. (In Persian).
Ansarifar, M., Noormohamadi, G., Seyed Hadi, M.R.H. and Riazi, G. (2012). Effect of organic nutrients on flower yield and oil content of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products. 2: 177- 181.
Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A.A. and Khanuja, S.P.S. (2005). Effects of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Journal Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36(13-14): 1737-1746.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R. and Metzger, J.D. (2004). Effect of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Brioresource Technology. 93(2): 139-144.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Welch, C. and Metzger, J.D. (2004). Influences of vermicompost on field strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology. 93(2): 145-153.
Arancon, N.Q., Galvis, P.A. and Edwards, C.A. (2005). Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicompost. Bioresource Technology. 96(10): 1137-1142.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A. and Metzger, J.D. (2000). Influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology. 75(3): 175-180.
Azcón, R., Ambrosano, E. and Charest, C. (2003). Nutrient acquisition in mycorrhizal lettuce plants under different phosphorus and nitrogen concentration. Plant Science. 165(5): 1137-1145.
Badr, L.A.A. and Fekry, W.A. (1998). Effect of intercropping and doses of fertilization on growth and productivity of taro and cucumber plants. 1-vegetative growth and chemical constituents of foliage. Zagazig Journal Agriculture Research. 25: 1087–101.
Bahrami, M., Rahgozar, R. and Ghanipour, M. (2016). Herben modifying gardening gardens - plant growth and reinforcement. Available online at: http://www.Herbban.com/.Accessed April 4. 2016. (In Persian).
Barrs, H.D. and Weatherley, P.E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity techniques for the estimating water deficit in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 15(3): 413-428.
Chatiopadhyay, N., Gupta, M.D. and Gupta, S.K. (1992). Effects of city waste compost and fertilizers on the growth, nutrient prate and yield of rice. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 40(3):464-468.
Darzi, M.T., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. and Rejali, F. (2009). The effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphatic biofertilizer application on quantity and quality of essential oil in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 24(4): 396-413. (In Persian).
Darzi, M. T., Haj, S.H.M. and Rejali, F. (2011). Effects of vermicompost and phosphate biofertilizer application on yield and yield components in Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(2): 452-465. (In Persian).
Darzi, M.T., Hadi, M.H.S. and Rejali, F. (2012). Effects of the application or vermicomposting and nitrogen fixing bacteria on quantity and quality of the essential oil in dill. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6(21): 3793- 3799.
Eskandari, M. and Astaraei, A.R. (2007). Effects of various organic matters on growth characteristics and biomass production and seed yield of chickpea. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5(1): 19-27. (In Persian).
Ghasemzadeh, A. and Jaafar, H. (2011). Effect of CO2 enrichment on synthesis of some primary and secondary metabolites in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12(2):1101-1114.
Godara, A.S., Gupta, U.S., Lal, G. and Singh, R. (2014). Influence of organic and inorganic source of fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). International Journal of Seed Spices. 4(2): 77-80.
Gong, H.J., Chen, K.M., Chen, G.C., Wang, S.M. and Zhang, C.L. (2003). Effects of silicon on growth of wheat under drought. Journal Plant Nutrition. 26(5):1055-1063.
Gottardi, S., Iacuzzo, F., Tomasi, N., Cortella, G., Manzocco, L., Pinton, R., Romheld, V., Mimmo, T., Scampicchio, M., Dalla Costa, L. and Cesco, S. (2012). Beneficial effects of silicon on hydroponically grown corn salad (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr) plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 56: 14-23.
Guarda, G., Padovan, S. and Delogu, G. (2004). Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. European Journal of Agronomy. 21(2): 181-192.
Habashy, N.R., El-Khair, A.W.A., and Zaki, R.N. (2008). Effect of organic and biofertilizers on phosphorus and some micronutrients availability in a calcareous soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 4(5): 545-552.
Imami, A. (1996). Plant decomposition methods. Technical Journal No. 982. Institute of Soil and Water Research. Tehran. 202 p. (In Persian).
Joshi, R., Vig, A.P. and Singh, J. (2013). Vermicompost as soil supplement to enhance growth, yield and quality of Triticum aestivum L.: a field study. International Journal of Recycle in of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 2(1):16.
Kalantari, S., Ardalan, M.M., Alikhani, H.A. and Shorafa, M. (2011). Comparison of compost and vermicompost of yard Leaf manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield of corn. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42(2):123–131.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93(3): 307-311.
Keles, Y. and Öncel, I. (2004). Growth and solute composition in two wheat species experiencing combined influence of stress conditions. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 51(2): 203-209.
Khalesro, S., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. and Asgharzadeh, A. (2012). The effect of biological and organic inputs on quantity and quality of essential oil and some elements content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(4): 551-560. (In Persian).
Kizilkaya, R. (2008). Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering. 33(2):150–156.
Leeke, G., Gaspar, F. and Santos, R. (2003). The effect of water on the solubility of essential oils in dense CO2. Journal of Essential oil Research. 15(3): 172-177.
Liu, E., Yan, C., Mei, X., He, W., Bing, S.H., Ding, L., Liu, Q., Liu, S. and Fan, T. (2010). Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma. 158(3-4): 173–180.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany. 78(3): 389-398.
Mafakheri, S., Omidbaigi, R., Sefidkon, F. and Rejali, F. (2012). Effect of vermicompost, biophosphate and azotobacter on quantity and quality of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27(4): 596-605. (In Persian).
Mahfouz, S.A. and Sharaf-Eldin, M.A. (2007). Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). International Agrophysics. 21(4): 361-366.
Mirzaei, R., Kambozia, J., Sabahi, H. and Mahdavi, A. (2009). Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties, production and biomass yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Iranian Journal of Crops Researches. 7(1): 257-267. (In Persian).
Mollafilabi, A., Moodi, H., Rashed, M.H. and Kafi, M. (2009). Effect of plant density and nitrogen on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L). In International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-SIPAM. 853: 115-126.
Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. (1998). Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low-density lipoprotein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46(12): 5062-5065.
Müller, V., Lankes, C., Zimmermann, B.F., Noga, G. and Hunsche, M. (2013). Centelloside accumulation in leaves of Centella asiatica is determined by resource partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism while influenced by supply levels of either nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. Journal of Plant Physiology. 170(13): 1165– 1175
Mumivand, H., Nooshkam, A., Moseni, A. and Babalar, M. (2013). Influence of nitrogen and calcium carbonate application rates on nitrate accumulation and yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 6(3): 109-124. (In Persian).
Naiji, M. and Souri, M.K. (2015). Evaluation of growth and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis) under organic and biological fertilizers toward organic production. Journal of the Plant Production. 38(3): 93-103. (In Persian)
Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A. and Das, K.C. (2000). Effects of stocking density and feeding rate vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource technology. 71(I):5-12.
Oktay, M., Gülçin, İ. and Küfrevioğlu, Ö.İ. (2003). Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 36(2): 263–271.
Osakabe, Y., Osakabe, K., ShinozakiK, A. and Tran, L.S. (2014). 'Response of plants to water stress'. Frontiers in Plant Science. 5:1-8.
Palmer, R. and Sharon, D. (2009). 'Digging Into Soil Health'. Available at web site www.growerssecret.com today’s Dietitican. Accessed 5 October 2012.
Pandey, R. (2005). Management of Meloidogyne incognita in Artemisia pallens with bio-organics Phytoparasitica. 33(3): 304-308.
Ratti, N., Kumar, S., Verma, H.N. and Gautam, S.P. (2001). Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiological Research. 156(2): 145-149.
Rezvani Moghadam, P., Amin Ghafoori, A., Bakhshaei, S. and Jafari, L. (2013). Study the effects of biological and organic fertilizers on quantitative traits and essential oil of savoy (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology. 5(2): 105-112. (In Persian).
Rezvani Moghadam, P., Bakhshaei, S., Amin Ghafoori, A. and Jafari, L. (2014). Study the effects of fertilizers management on production of savoy (Satureja hortensis L.) in Mashad condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 12(1): 27-33. (In Persian)
Akram, M.S., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2009). 'Effectiveness of potassium sulphate in mitigating salt induced adverse effects on different physio-biochemical attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 204(6): 471-483.
Salehi, A., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. and Asgharzade, A. (2011). The effect of zeolite, PGPR and vermicompost application on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(2): 188-201. (In Persian).
Sathe, T.V. (2016). Vermiculture and organic farming. Days publishing house, Delhi, India. 122p.
Sharma, A.K. (2002). Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Agrobios, India. 407 p.
Shirzadi, F., Ardakani, M.R. and Asadi Rahmani, H. (2014). Effect of biofertilizers on quantitative characterization of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology. 6(3): 542-551. (In Persian).
Singh, M. and Wasnik, K. (2013). Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and oil quality of rosemary. Communications In Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 44(18): 2691-2700.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phoshomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 16(3): 144-158.
Sinha, R.K., Valani, D., Chauhan, K. and Agarwal, S. (2010). Embarking on a second green revolution for sustainable agriculture by vermiculture biotechnology using earthworms: Reviving the dreams of Sir Charles Darwin. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development. 2(7): 113-128.
Wang, S.Y., Bunce, J.A. and Maas, J.L. (2003). Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of antioxidant compounds in field-grown strawberries. Journals Agriculture Food Chemistry. 51(15): 4315–432
Yarrow, D. (2000). 'Mineral Restoration & Utah Rock Dust'. ACRES Magazine, A Voice for Ecology-Agriculture. 30: 14–17.
Zgallaï, H., Steppe, K. and Lemeur, R. (2006). Effects of different levels of water stress on leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, protein and chlorophyll content and certain anti oxidative enzymes in Tomato plants. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 48(6): 679-685.