تکنیک‌های تغذیه گیاهان دارویی در سیستم‌های زراعی ایران
محورهای موضوعی : کود زیستی
1 - بخش تحقیقات جنگلها، مراتع و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یاسوج، ایران.
2 - بخش تحقیقات جنگلها، مراتع و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یاسوج، ایران
کلید واژه: تغذیه, تغییرات pH, خاک آهکی, کودهای زیستی, گیاهان دارویی,
چکیده مقاله :
ایران با برخورداری از سابقه تاریخی و استعدادهای بالقوه جغرافیایی، اقلیمی و تنوع گونه‌های گیاهی می‌تواند پاسخگوی نیازهای جامعه بشری در زمینه گیاهان دارویی باشد. اهمیت، جایگاه و نقش رو به تزاید گیاهان دارویی در مدیریت پایدار به خصوص در ابعاد کلان توسعه اقتصادی، زیست محیطی، بهداشتی (خود کفایی دارویی)، اشتغال، امنیت غذایی و ذخایر ژنتیکی در عرصه ملی و جهانی به حدی است که می‌توان امروزه روند تعمیق، احیاء و نقش آنرا به ویژه در تامین دارو به عنوان یکی از شاخصه های توسعه در کشور مدنظر قرار داد. یکی از مشکلات عمده زراعت این گیاهان، فقدان تغذیه مناسب است. لذا با توجه به وضعیت نامناسب خاک‌های ایران به دلیل کشت و کار مداوم، گیاهان دارویی در هنگام رشد و نمو با اختلال روبرو می‌شوند. اما راه برون‌رفت از این مشکل، شناخت وضعیت پیچیده خاک و آگاهی از اصول و روش‌های تغذیه‌گیاهی است. حذف مصرف کودهای شیمیایی در کشاورزی و کاهش مخاطرات زیست محیطی آنها، نیازمند بکارگیری دیگر تکنیک‌های زراعی است. از جمله این تکنیک‌ها، که باعث افزایش کیفیت و عملکرد در جهت تولید محصولات کشاورزی سالم به ویژه گیاهان دارویی گردید، استفاده از کودهای آلی، کود سبز، بقایای حیوانی و گیاهی، میکروارگانیسم‌های مفید خاکزی تحت عنوان کودهای زیستی (Bacillus licheniformis،Nitroxin ، Azospirillum ،Azotobacter و Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) است. لذا نظر به اهمیت موضوع، این تحقیق سعی دارد تا مروری بر اصول تغذیه گیاهان دارویی در ایران داشته باشد.
Iran, with its historical background and potential geographical, climatic and plant species diversity, can respond to the needs of human society in the field of medicinal plants. The increasing importance, position and role of medicinal plants in sustainable management, especially in the macro dimensions of economic, environmental, health (pharmaceutical self-sufficiency), employment, food security and genetic reserves in the national and global arena, is such that it can be done today. He considered the deepening, revitalization and its role, especially in the supply of medicine, as one of the indicators of development in the country. One of the major problems of growing these plants is the lack of proper nutrition. Therefore, due to the poor condition of Iran's soil due to continuous cultivation, medicinal plants face disturbances during their growth and development. But the way out of this problem is knowing the complex condition of the soil and knowing the principles and methods of plant nutrition. Eliminating the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and reducing their environmental risks requires the use of other agricultural techniques. Among these techniques, which increased the quality and performance of producing healthy agricultural products, especially medicinal plants, the use of organic fertilizers, green manure, animal and plant residues, beneficial soil microorganisms under the title of biofertilizers (Bacillus licheniformis, Nitroxin, Azospirillum) Azotobacter and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). Therefore, considering the importance of the topic, this research tries to have an overview of the nutritional principles of medicinal plants in Iran.
Acikgoz, M. A., and Karnak, E. E. 2013. Mivro-nutrient composition of some medicinal and aromatic plants commonly used in Turkey. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agonomy, LVI: 169-173.
Ahmadi, F., Samadi, A., and Rahimi, A. H. 2020. Improving growth properties and phytochemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) medicinal plant using novel nitrogen slow release fertilizer under greenhouse conditions. Scientific Reports, 10: 13842. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70949-4.
Arndt, S. K. K., Clifford, S. C., Wanek, W., Jones, H. G., and Popp, M 2001. Physiological and morphological adaptations of the fruit tree Ziziphus rotundifolia in response to progressive drought stress. Tree Physiology, 21: 705-715.
Aslani, Z., Hasani, A. M., Rasouli Sadekiani, H., Sefidkan, F., and Breen, M. 2011. The effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) on growth, chlorophyll levels and phosphorus absorption in basil plant (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 53 (3): 486-471.
Behzadi, Y., and Salehi, A. 2016. The effect of using organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on the absorption of N, P, K elements, seed yield and the yield of the essential oil of the medicinal plant Pimpinella anisum L. Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 32(6): 1026-1036.
Bethlenfalvay, G. J., Brown, M. S., Ames, R. N., and Thomas, R. S. 1988. Effects of drought on host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybeans in relation to water use and phosphate uptake. Physiology Plant, 72: 565-571.
Chaudhary, V., Kapoor, R., and Bhatnagar, A. K. 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L. Journal of Mycorrhiza, 17: 581-587.
Deepadevi, M., Basu, M. J. and Santhaguru, K. 2010. Response of Sorghum bicolor L. Monech to Dual Inoculation with Glomus Fasciculatum and Herbaspirillum Seropediaae. General and Applied Plant Physiology, 36 (3):176-182.
Dehghani Meshkani, M. R., Naqdi Badi, H. A., Rezazadeh, Sh. A., and Darzi, M. T. 2010. The effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the yield and components of flower yield in Shirazi Chamomile medicinal plant. National Conference of Medicinal Plants. https://sid.ir/paper/819798/fa.
Eskandari, M., Khaqani, Sh., and Gemarian, M. 2017. A review on the effect of vermicompost organic fertilizer on medicinal plants. The 8th National Conference on Medicinal Plants and Sustainable Agriculture. 21pages.
Jalil-Vand, P., Ismailpour, B., Hadian, J., and Rasulzadeh, A. 2011. Effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal fungus on the growth and secondary metabolites of savory. The 7th Congress of Horticultural Sciences of Iran, Isfahan University of Technology. Page 2.
Hassan, M., Elwan, M., and Haggag, O. 2015. Plant Growth, Yield, Macro and Micro-Nutrients Uptake of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Positively Affected by N-Sources and Rates as well as Foliar Application of Micronutrients. Hortscience Journal of Suez Canal University, 4(1), pp. 7-16. doi: 10.21608/hjsc.2015.6468
Hosseini, M. S. 2012. Macroelements nutrition (NPK) of medicinal plants: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6(12: 2249-225.
Hosseini-Mazinani, S. M., and Hadipour, A. R. 2014. Improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of the medicinal plant Calendula officinalis L. by using biofertilizers. Quarterly Journal of Medicinal Plants. 15 (2): 91-83.
Ismailpour, B., Jalil Vand, P., and Hadian, J. 2013. Effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal fungus on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Ecology, 5 (2): 177-169.
Kafi, M., Zand, A., Sharifi, H. R., Guldani, M., and Lahouti, M. 2005. Plant physiology (translation). Academic Jihad Publications (Imam Reza (A.S.) Faculty of Medicine), volume 1. 464 pages.
Khaosaad, T., Vierheilig, H., Nell, M., Zitterl-Eglseer, K. and Novak, J. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhiza alters the concentration of essential oils in oregano (Origanum sp., Lamiaceae). Journal of Mycorrhiza, 16 (6):443-446.
Kouchi, A. R., Zand, A., Benayan Aval, M., Rezvani-Moghadam, P., Mahdavi Damghani, A. A., Jami-al-Ahmadi, M., and Vesal, S. R. 2007. Plant Ecophysiology (translation), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications, second volume. 939 pages.
Majidi, A., and Amiri, P. 2013. Mycorrhizal mushroom biofertilizers are a turning point to reduce the effects of environmental stresses in crop production. Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Resources, 11 (42): 18-21.
Mirzajani, M. R. Majidian, M. and Mohsen Abadi, G. 2019. Evaluation of the effect of combined nutrition on the quantitative yield and percentage of the essential oil of the medicinal plant Melissa officinalis. Plant Products, 42(4): 469-482.
Manoj Kumar, R. Puri, S. Pundir, A. Punia Bangar, S. Changan, S. Choudhary, P. Parameswari, E. Alhariri, A. Samota, M. K. Damale, R. D. Singh, S. Berwal, M. K. Dhumal, S. Bhoite, A. G. Senapathy, M. Sharma, A. Bhushan, B. Mekhemar, M. 2021. Evaluation of Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Mineral Composition of Selected Medicinal Plants for Therapeutic Uses from Cold Desert of Western Himalaya. Plants (Basel), 10(7): 1429.
Mousavinik, S. M. 2012. Investigating the effect of different levels of sulfur fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative yield of the medicinal plant (Plantago ovata L.) under drought stress conditions in Baluchistan region. Agricultural Ecology, 4(2): 182-170.
Nouruzi, S., Sohrabi, A. Khawazi, K., and Metinfar, H. R. 2018. The effect of sulfur consumption on the trend of pH changes and soil phosphorus absorption capacity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil Biology, 6(1): 41-29.
Omidi, A., Mirzakhani, M., and Ardakani, M. R. 2014. Evaluation of quality traits of saffron (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under the application of Azotobacter and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Journal of Ecology, 6 (2): 338-324.
Panahi Kordlaghri, Kh. 2011. Nutrition of agricultural plants. Nusuh publications, volume 1. 72 pages.
Perastesh, F., Alikhani, H. A., Etsami, H., and Hassandokht, M. R. 2019. The effect of vermicompost enriched with phosphate dissolving bacteria on the availability of phosphorus, pH and biological indicators in a calcareous soil. Electronic Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 9(3), 25-46.
Rahimi, A. 2017. The effect of mycorrhizal fungus on the physiological characteristics, active substances and performance of the medicinal plant Borage (Borago officinails L.) under water stress, PhD thesis, Yasouj University, Iran. 101 pages.
Rahimi, A. 2023. The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 18(4): 19-35.
Rahimi, A., Jahanbin, Sh., Salehi, A., and Faraji, H. 2018. The effect of mycorrhizal fungus on grain yield, seed oil content and water use efficiency of the medicinal plant borage (Borago officinails L.) under water stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Iranian Agricultural Sciences), 49(2): 407-415.
Rahimi, A., Jahanbin, Sh., Salehi, A., and Faraji, H. 2016. "Effect of mycorrhizal fungus on morphological characteristics, amount of phenolic compounds and chlorophyll fluorescence of the medicinal plant Borago officinails L. under drought conditions." Plant Environmental Physiology, 11(42): 55-46.
Rahimi, A., Jahanbin, Sh., Salehi, A., and Farajee, H. 2017. Changes in Content of Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phosphorus and Relative Water Content of Medicinal Plant of Borage (Borago officinails L.) under the Influence of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Water Stress. Journal of Biological Sciences, 17: 28-34.
Rehman, A., and Adnan, M. 2018. Nutritional potential of Pakistani medicinal plants and their contribution to human health in times of climate change and food insecurity. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 50(1): 287-300.
Rezvani Shemirani, A., Haj Seyed Hadi, M. R., and Darzi, M. 2014. Investigating the effect of sulfur application and Thiobacillus bacteria on the performance of the vegetative body and the amount of essential oil of the medicinal plant basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), the 13th Conference of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Breeding of Iran and the 3rd Conference of Iranian Seed Science and Technology, Karaj, https://civilica.com /doc/312827.
Safir, G. R., Boyer, J. S. and Gerdemann, J. W. 1971. Mycorrhizal enhancement of water transport in soybean. Science, 172: 581-583.
Safir, G. R., Boyer, J. S. and Gerdemann, J. W. 1972. Nutrient status and mycorrhizal enhancement of water transport in soybean. Plant Physiology, 49: 700-703.
Sharifi, M., Sadat Mohtshamian, M., Riyahi, H., Aghaei, A., and Alavi, S. M. 2011. The effect of endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum on some morphological and physiological indicators of basil plant. Quarterly Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2 (38): 94-85.
Soltanian, M., and Tadayon, A. 2015. The effect of symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some agricultural characteristics of linseed (Linum ussitatissimum L.) under drought stress conditions in Shahrekord region. Plant Production Research Journal, 22 (2): 2-24.
Veresoglou, S. D., Chen, B. and Rillig, M. C. 2012. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and soil nitrogen cycling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 46: 53-62.
Yadegari, M. 2016. Effect of micronutrients foliar application and biofertilizeres on essential oils of lemon balm. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 16 (3): 702-715.