Evaluation of Xenia and Metaxenia in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Following Pollination with Different Pollen Sources

Maryam Ranjbar Kabootarkhani ¹ (PhD student, Horticulture Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
Mahdi Alizadeh ² (Academic Member, Horticulture Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran)
Esmaeil Seifi ³ (Academic Member, Horticulture Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran)
khalil Zeinalinezhad ⁴ (Academic Member, Biotechnology Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural, Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
Ali Tajabadipour ⁵ (Academic Member, Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran)
Majid Esmaeilizadeh ⁶ (Academic Member, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran)

Submited date : 2023-03-16 accepted date : 2023-10-10

Keywords: Pistachio, Xenia, Pollinizer, Dioecious, Fruitset, Metaxenia,

Abstract :

Pistachio is a dioecious and cross-pollination species and suitable male genotypes is essential for its adequate fruit production. The quality of the produced nuts is also directly affected by pollen sources. In the present study, the female pistachio trees of Akbari commercial cultivar, in their ON-year cycle, were selected and hand-pollinated with three different pollen sources (T5, T17, T18) and compared to open-pollinated trees (T0). This research was undertaken as a completely randomized block design with three replications. Artificial pollination had a positive effect on the fruit set percentage. Furthermore, fruit fresh and dry weights, fruit dimensions, nut as well as kernel characteristics were affected corresponding to each pollen source. Though all 3 pollen sources had a positive effect on measured fruit characteristics, the effect of T17 was more prominent. Owing to xenia and metaxenia effects, longer nuts were observed following pollination with T5 pollen grains. Also, utilization of T17 pollen grains led to production of weightier fruits with higher splitting rate (93.33 % as compared to control, open pollinated trees (63.78%)). The results of the present study approved the imperative role of pollen source for pistachio fruit production. The results also recommended T17 genotype as a suitable pollinizer for Akbari pistachio cultivar.

References:

Abu-Zahra TR, AI-Abbadi AA (2007) Effect of artificial pollination on Pistachio (Pistcia vera L.) fruit cropping. Journal of Plant Sciences. 2, 228-232.

Acar I, Ak BE, Kuzdere H (2001) An investigation on artificial pollination facilities in pistachios by using an atomizer. Ciheam. 145-148.

Afshari H, Hokmabadi H, (2008) Studying the effects of elements on early splitting of Pistachio nuts and the effects of phenolic compounds on aflatoxin control. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 4(2), 131-137.

Afshari H, Talaei AR, Sadeghi GR (2017) Investigating some compounds in pistachio fruit and the effect of pollen grains on their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Agricultural Sciences and Industries). 22(2), 13-24.

Ajamgard F, Rahemi M, Vahdati K (2017) Determining the pollinizer for pecan cultivars. Journal of Nuts. 8(1), 41-48.

Ak BE (2010) Effect of some Pistacia spp pollen on different parts of the Pistachio fruits such hull, shell and kernel. Option mediterraneennes. 129-137.

Alhajjar NM, Muzher B, Hamed F (2015) The effect of pollen grains of Pistachio vera and Pistacia atlantica (unisexual and hermaphrodite) on quality parameters of Ashoury and Batoury Pistachio cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 22, 151-172.

Bahmani A, Girigorian V, Valizadeh M, Vazvaei A (2002) Effect of pollen type and nature on fruit size and certain tasting characteristics of almond kernel. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science. 33(2), 289-296.

Balik HI, Beyhan N (2019) Xenia and metaxenia in Hazelnuts: effects of pollinizer cultivars on nut set and nut characteristics of some Hazelnut cultivars. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi Cilt Ozel Say. 8(1), 9-18.

Barzamini S, Fotouhi Ghazvini R (2017) Pollinizer influence on fruit quality traits in Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 4(2), 229-237.

Eslami M, Nasibi F, Manouchehri Kalantari K, Khezri M, Oloumi H (2019) Effect of exogenous application of l-arginine and sodium nitroprusside on fruit abscission and physiological disorders of pistachio (Pistacia Vera L.) scions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6, 51-62.

Farag KM, Elsabagh AS, ElAshry HA (2012) Fruit characteristics of "Zaghloul" date palm in relation to metaxenic influences of used pollinator. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 12(7), 842-855.

Ferguson L, Polito VS, Kallsen C (2005) The Pistachio tree; botany and physiology and factors that affect yield. California Pistachio Manual. 31-40.

Focke WO (1881) Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge: ein Beitragzur Biologie der Gewachse. Bomtrae-ger, Berlin. 510-518.

Ghareyazie B, Huang N, Second G, Bennett J, Khush GS (1995) Classification of Rice germplasm. 1. analysis using AFLP and PCR-based RFLP. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 91, 218-227.

Golzari M, Hassani D, Rahemi M, Vahdati K (2016) Xenia and metaxenia in persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of Nuts. 7(2), 101-108.

Golzari M, Rahemi M, Vahdati K, Hassani D (2010) Effect of pollen source on Persian walnut characteristics (Juglans regia L.). Acta Horticulturae 861, 99-104.

Gouta H, Chelli A, Chrab M, Aissa IB (2002) Preliminary results on the effects of different Pistachio species pollen on fruit characteristics of two commercial cultivars "Mateur" and "Gl guitar". Acta Horticulturae. 591, 405-409.

Hokmabadi H, Awaz Abadian AA (2014) Investigating the quantitative and qualitative traits of different selected genotypes of the collection of pistachio inoculants and different genotypes of selected seed material in Damghan pistachio research station. 9th Horticultural Science Congress, Ahvaz. 6-1.

Hosseini N, Rezanejad F, ZamaniBahramabadi E (2022) Effects of soil texture, irrigation intervals, and cultivar on some nut qualities and different types of fruit blankness in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9, 41-53.

Kardoush M, Dairy MA, Shdeifat S, Albashabsheh N (2009) Effect of some local pollinators on fruit characteristics of three Pistachio cultivars in Aleppo area. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 5(3), 255-260.

Kashanizadeh S, Hajivand SHA, Gol Mohammadi M (2016) Investigating the effect of supplementary pollination on some quantitative and qualitative traits of three commercial pistachio cultivars in Qazvin province. Agriculture and natural resources research paper. 21, 1-16.

Kaska N (1990) Pistachio research and development in Near East, North Africa and Southern Europe. Nut production and industry in Europe, Near East and North Africa. Reur Technology Series. 13, 133-160.

Kester DE, Gradziel T (1996) Almonds, In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds.). Advances in Fruit Breeding. Wiley, New York, USA.1-97.

Mazinani M, Zarafshan P, Dehghani M, Vahdati K, Etezadi H (2023) Design and analysis of an aerial pollination system for walnut trees. Biosystems Engineering, 225, 83-98.

Munir M, Al-Hajhoj MR, Ghazzawy HS, Sallam AM, Al-Bahigan AM, Al-Muiweed MA (2020) A comparative study of pollination methods effect on the changes in fruit yield and quality of date palm cultivar Khalas. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 8(2), 147-157.

Munir M, Al-Hajhoj MR, Sallam AA, Ghazzawy HS, Al-Bahigan AM (2020) Fruit yield and quality response of date palm cultivar ‘Khalas’ to female inflorescence receptivity varied by pollination days. Plant Archives. 20, 4007-4014.

Mustafa EAM, Heiba SAA, Saleh MMS, Ashour NE, Mohamed A, Abd El-Migeed MMM (2014) Effect of different pollinizer sources on yield, fruit characteristics and phylogenetic relationship Ahmat cv. date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Egypt using RAPD markers. International Journal of Agricultural Research. 9(7), 331-343.

Nazouri N, Kalantari S, Javanshah A, Darki N, Talaei AR (2013) Determining the best pistachio harvesting time based on physiological and biochemical indicators. to the Department of Agriculture, University of Tehran. 16, 135-119.

Neyshaburi S, Rezaei M, Movahednejad MH, Hokmabadi H, Heidari P (2021) Morphological and phenological characterizations of some male and female promising Pistachio genotypes from an open-pollinated population. International Journal of Fruit Science. 21(1), 456-467.

Omaima M, Hafez Malaka A, Saleh NE, Ashour Mostafa EAM, Naguib MM (2015) Evaluation of some pollen grain sources on yield and fruit quality of Samany date palm cv. (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research. 4(1), 27-30.

Omar A, Al-Obeed R, Soliman S, Al-Saif AM (2014) Effect of pollen source and area distribution on yield and fruit quality of 'Khalas' date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) under Saudi Arabia conditions. Advances in Agricultural Sciences. 2(3), 7-13.

Ozeker E, Isfendiyaroglu M, Misirli A (2005) Variation of fruit characteristics of Pistacia spp. pollinated by different hybridization Pistachio types in Manisa-Yunt mountain Area in Turkey. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University. 42(1), 13-24.

Panahi B, Khezri M (2011) Effect of harvesting time on nut quality of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae. 129, 730-734.

Polito VS, Luza JC (1980) Blanking in Kerman Pistachio. Department of pomology. University of California, Davis. CPC. Founded Research.

Pozzi FI, Pratta GR, Acuna CA, Felitti SA (2019) Xenia in bahiagrass: Gene expression at initial seed formation. Seed Science Research. 29, 29-37.

Rahemi M, Haj Abdullahi A (2013) The effects of pollen source and double pollination on fruit formation and pistachio dry fruit development. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources. 8(1), 47-39.

Rahnama AA (2013) Determining the type of pollen and the suitable pollination time of date palm of Majul variety. Journal of Research Findings in Agricultural and Garden Plants. 3(12), 127-136.

Ranjbar Kabootarkhani M (2023) Evaluation of some pollinizer genotypes and pollen compatibility of pistachio superior genotypes with commercial cultivars of Rafsanjan. PhD thesis, Hort. Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Iran.

Rasouli M, Fatahi Moghadam MR, Zamani ZA, Imani A, Ebadi A (2018) Studying the compatibility and effect of supplementary pollination of Supernova variety with the pollen of different almond cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Sciences of Iran. 40(4), 70-61.

Riazi GH, Rahemi M (1995) The effects of various pollen sources on growth and development of Pistacia vera L. nuts. Acta Horticulture. 419, 67-72.

Riazi GH, Rahemi M, Khanizadeh SH (1996) Effects of selected Pistachio pollen on development and quality of Pistachio nuts of three commercially grown cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 19(3), 635-641.

Romano B (2006) Reproductive biology of olive (Olea europaea L.) DOP Umbria cultivars. Sexual Plant Reproduction. 19, 151-161.

Saini SH, Sagore B, Jain SH, Maurya P (2022) Advances in the exploitation of xenia and metaxenia in fruit and nut Crops. Advances in Horticulture Crops and Their Challenges. 1, 51-64.

Shafique M, Khan A, Malik A, Shahi DM, Rajwana I, Saleem B, Amin M, Ahmad I (2011) Influence of pollen source and pollination frequency on fruit drop, yield and quality of date palm (Phoneix Dactylifera L.) cv. Dhakki. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 43(2), 831-839.

Sharifkhah M, Bakhshi D, Pourghayoumi M, Abdi S, Hokmabadi H (2020) Effect of pollination time on yield and antioxidant properties of some Pistachio cultivars. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(1), 51-58.

Siahsar M, Khezri M, Tavasolian I (2018) Effect of different pollinizer genotypes on some quantitative, qualitative characteristics and yield of tissue cultured “Zahedi” date palm.  Pomology Research. 2(2), 41-53.

Stasiak A, Lata B, Bieniasz M, Latocha1 P (2020) Morphological variation of male A. arguta plants affects their flowering potential and pollen efficiency. Horticultural Science. 47(2), 100-109.

Swingle WT (1928) Metaxenia in the date palm possibly a hormone action by embryo or endosperm. The Journal of Heredity. 19, 275-268.

Tsantili E, Takidelli C, Christopoulos MV, Lambrinea E, Rouskas D, Roussos PA (2010) Physical, compositional and sensory differences in nuts among Pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) varieties. Scientia Horticulturae. 125, 562-568.

Zargari H, Talaie A, Dehghani Shurki Y, Abdoss V (2023) Effect of pollen source on fruit set, yield, and physical properties of tissue culture-derived and offshoot-derived date palm, cv. ‘Barhi’ and ̒ Piarom’ . International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 10(4), 445-462.