Investigating the Correlation between Phosphorus and Zinc Levels with Leaf Chemistry and Pecan Nut Kernel Weight

Subject Areas : Abiotic stress physiology

Hasan Kadhim Nimr ¹ , Ahmad Ismael Saber ² , Ammar Daham ³ , Hind Ali Nasser ⁴ , Thair L. Mizal ⁵ , Kadhim Fadhil Kadhim ⁶ , Hayder Tariq ⁷

1 - Iraqi Ministry of Science and Technology, Environment and Water Directorate, Baghdad, Iraq
2 - Department of Dentistry, AlNoor University College, Bartella, Iraq
3 - Al-Farahidi University, Medical Lab. Techniques department, College of Education, Baghdad, Iraq
4 - College of pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
5 - Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
6 - National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
7 - Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq

Received: 2023-06-21 Accepted : 2023-08-09 Published : 2024-03-01

Keywords: Zinc, phosphorus, orchards, Pecan nut,

Abstract :

The pecan tree holds significant economic value due to its versatile cultivation and utilization. To expand its reach in global markets, pecan nut breeding aims to enhance both the quantity and quality of the product through meticulous planning. In this context, phosphorus and zinc are crucial nutrients for pecan nuts, playing a notable role in their nutritional profile. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of phosphorus and zinc on the nutrient content and yield of pecan trees. The experiment was designed in a factorial form with three levels of phosphorus (0, 250, and 500 kg P2O5 ha-1) and three levels of zinc (0, 25, and 50 kg Zn ha-1) in four replications. The results of the experiment showed that increasing the consumption of phosphorus had a significant effect on the concentration of phosphorus and iron in the leaves. However, a higher level of phosphorus application reduced the concentration of copper in the leaves. Similarly, the application of zinc increased the concentration of zinc (from 138.54 to 166.25 mg kg-1) in the leaves but decreased the concentration of phosphorus (from 0.15% to 0.13%). Interestingly, the application of 250 kg ha-1 of phosphorus led to a significant increase in the dry weight of the kernel, while higher levels of phosphorus had the opposite effect. These findings suggest that careful management of phosphorus and zinc levels in pecan orchards can have a significant impact on both nutrient content and yield. This research provides valuable insights for pecan breeders and growers seeking to optimize their practices and improve the quality of their crops.

References:

Aboyeji CM, Dunsin O, Adekiya AO, Suleiman KO, Chinedum C, Okunlola FO, Joseph A, Ejue SW, Adesola OO, Olofintoye TAJ (2020) Synergistic and antagonistic effects of soil applied P and Zn fertilizers on the performance, minerals and heavy metal composition of groundnut. Open Agriculture. 5, 1–9.

Adekiya AO, Dahunsi SO, Ayeni JF, Aremu C, Aboyeji CM, Okunlola F, Oyelami AE (2022) Organic and in-organic fertilizers effects on the performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) grown on soilless medium. Scientific Reports. 12, 12212.

Ajam Gard F (2022) Selection of Pecan Cultivars Aiming to Release Vigorous and Heat Stress Tolerant Rootstocks. Journal of Nuts. 13, 57–70.

Ajamgard F, Rahemi M, Vahdati K (2017) Determining the pollinizer for pecan cultivars. Journal of Nuts. 8, 41–48.

Alabbas KS, Saliho O, Al-Abbasy OY (2022) Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Pecan Nut Lipase and Studying its Affinity towards Pomegranate Extracts and 1, 4-Diacetoxybenzene. Iraqi Journal of Science. 908–922.

Ando K, Yamaguchi N, Kasuya M, Oga T, Ohashi Y, Taki K (2022) Long-term (nearly a century) effects of fertilizer, lime and rice straw compost application on active aluminum and iron and available phosphorus in paddy fields. Geoderma. 424, 115992.

Bader AN, Salerno GL, Covacevich F, Consolo VF (2020) Native Trichoderma harzianum strains from Argentina produce indole-3 acetic acid and phosphorus solubilization, promote growth and control wilt disease on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Journal of King Saud University-Science. 32, 867–873.

Barman U, Choudhury RD (2020) Soil texture classification using multi class support vector machine. Information Processing in Agriculture. 7, 318–332.

Baweja P, Kumar S, Kumar G (2020) Fertilizers and pesticides: their impact on soil health and environment. Soil Health. 265–285.

Bhardwaj DR, Navale MR, Sharma S (2017) Agroforestry practices in temperate regions of the world. Agroforestry: Anecdotal to Modern Science. 163–187.

Bindraban PS, Dimkpa CO, Pandey R (2020) Exploring phosphorus fertilizers and fertilization strategies for improved human and environmental health. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 56, 299–317.

Bisht N, Chauhan PS (2020) Excessive and disproportionate use of chemicals cause soil contamination and nutritional stress. Soil Contamination-Threats and Sustainable Solutions. 1–10.

Bononi L, Chiaramonte JB, Pansa CC, Moitinho MA, Melo IS (2020) Phosphorus-solubilizing Trichoderma spp. from Amazon soils improve soybean plant growth. Scientific Reports. 10, 2858.

Bücker-Neto L, Paiva ALS, Machado RD, Arenhart RA, Margis-Pinheiro M (2017) Interactions between plant hormones and heavy metals responses. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 40, 373–386.

Casales FG, Van der Watt E, Coetzer GM (2018) Propagation of pecan (Carya illinoensis): a review. African Journal of Biotechnology. 17, 586–605.

Chatrabnous N, Yazdani N, Vahdati K (2018) Determination of nutritional value and oxidative stability of fresh walnut. Journal of Nuts. 9, 11–20.

Edlinger A, Garland G, Hartman K, Banerjee S, Degrune F, García-Palacios P, Hallin S, Valzano-Held A, Herzog C, Jansa J (2022) Agricultural management and pesticide use reduce the functioning of beneficial plant symbionts. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6, 1145–1154.

Ejraei A, Mohammadi Ghehsareh A, Hodaji M, Besalatpor AA (2018) Determine a regression model between phosphorus of soil saturation extract and various organs of washington navel orange for recommendation of phosphorus fertilizer. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 5, 175-184.

Etesami H (2020) Enhanced phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency with microorganisms. Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production. 215–245.

Ghorbani N, Moradi H, Kanani M, Ashnavar M (2022) Total flavonoids and phenolic compounds of english daisy (Bellis Perennis L.) affected by foliar application of nanophosphorus fertilizers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9, 405-414.

Gondal AH, Zafar A, Zainab D, Toor MD, Sohail S, Ameen S, Ijaz AB, Ch BI, Hussain I, Haider S (2021) A detailed review study of zinc involvement in animal, plant and human nutrition. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences. 9, 262–271.

Gülser F, Salem S, Gülser C (2020) Changes in some soil properties of wheat fields under conventional and reduced tillage systems in Northern Iraq. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science. 9, 314–320.

He H, Wu M, Su R, Zhang Z, Chang C, Peng Q, Dong Z, Pang J, Lambers H (2021) Strong phosphorus (P)-zinc (Zn) interactions in a calcareous soil-alfalfa system suggest that rational P fertilization should be considered for Zn biofortification on Zn-deficient soils and phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated soils. Plant and Soil. 461, 119–134.

Islam MS, Bell RW, Miah MM, Alam MJ (2022) Unbalanced fertilizer use in the Eastern Gangetic Plain: The influence of Government recommendations, fertilizer type, farm size and cropping patterns. Plos One. 17, e0272146.

Kassim JK (2013) Method for estimation of calcium carbonate in soils from Iraq. International Journal of Environment. 1, 9–19.

Keshavarz K, Vahdati K, Samar M, Azadegan B, Brown PH (2011) Foliar application of zinc and boron improves walnut vegetative and reproductive growth. HortTechnology. 21, 181–186.

Lang F, Bauhus J, Frossard E, George E, Kaiser K, Kaupenjohann M, Krüger J, Matzner E, Polle A, Prietzel J (2016) Phosphorus in forest ecosystems: new insights from an ecosystem nutrition perspective. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 179, 129–135.

Lindsay WL, Norvell Wa (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 42, 421–428.

Maliha MBJ, Nuruzzaman M, Hossain B, Trina FA, Uddin N, Sarker AK (2022) Assessment of varietal attributes of okra under foliar application of zinc and boron. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9, 143-149.

Moccia F, Agustin-Salazar S, Berg AL, Setaro B, Micillo R, Pizzo E, Weber F, Gamez-Meza N, Schieber A, Cerruti P (2020) Pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wagenh.) K. Koch) nut shell as an accessible polyphenol source for active packaging and food colorant stabilization. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 8, 6700–6712.

Mohit Rabary P, Movahedi Z, Ghabooli M, Rostami M (2022) Effects of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on traits of several medicinal plants under aeroponic system conditions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9, 445–452.

Norozi M, ValizadehKaji B, Karimi R, Nikoogoftar Sedghi M (2019) Effects of foliar application of potassium and zinc on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit yield. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6, 113–123.

Olsen SR, Fried M (1957) Soil phosphorus and fertility. Soil, the Yearbook of Agriculture, Washington 94.

Recena R, García-López AM, Delgado A (2021) Zinc uptake by plants as affected by fertilization with Zn sulfate, phosphorus availability, and soil properties. Agronomy. 11, 390.

Scheberl L, Scharenbroch BC, Werner LP, Prater JR, Fite KL (2019) Evaluation of soil pH and soil moisture with different field sensors: Case study urban soil. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 38, 267–279.

Shiberu E, Dachassa N, Desalegn T, Balami T (2023) Effect of applying integrated mineral and organic fertilizers on seed yield, yield components and seed oil content of mlack cumin in central highlands of ethiopia. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 10, 97-114.

Sofy MR, Elhindi KM, Farouk S, Alotaibi MA (2020) Zinc and paclobutrazol mediated regulation of growth, upregulating antioxidant aptitude and plant productivity of pea plants under salinity. Plants. 9, 1197.

Srinivasarao C (2021) Programmes and policies for improving fertilizer use efficiency in agriculture. Indian J Fertil. 17, 226–254.

Suganya A, Saravanan A, Manivannan N (2020) Role of zinc nutrition for increasing zinc availability, uptake, yield, and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) grains: An overview. Commun. Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 51, 2001–2021.

Tanwar B, Modgil R, Goyal A (2022) Protein quality assessment of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (wangenh.) K. Koch] and pine (Pinus gerardiana wall.) nuts for dietary supplementation. Nutrition & Food Science. 52, 641–656.

Tanwar B, Modgil R, Goyal A (2020) Nutritional and phytochemical composition of pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] and its hypocholesterolemic effect in an animal model. British Food Journal. 123, 1433–1448.

Tsujii Y, Onoda Y, Kitayama K (2017) Phosphorus and nitrogen resorption from different chemical fractions in senescing leaves of tropical tree species on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Oecologia. 185, 171–180.

Umair Hassan M, Aamer M, Umer Chattha M, Haiying T, Shahzad B, Barbanti L, Nawaz M, Rasheed A, Afzal A, Liu Y (2020) The critical role of zinc in plants facing the drought stress. Agriculture. 10, 396.

Xie X, Hu W, Fan X, Chen H, Tang M (2019) Interactions between phosphorus, zinc, and iron homeostasis in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10, 1172.