مشروعیت توسل به زور در دفاع مشروع علیه بازیگران غیر دولتی و تأثیر آن بر حقوق دولت میزبان
محورهای موضوعی : تحقیقات حقوقی بین المللی
صفیه کوهی
1
*
,
پیمان بلوری
2
,
احمد شهابی
3
1 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زنجان
2 - استاد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زنجان
3 - دانشجوی دکترای دانشگاه سمنان
کلید واژه: دفاع مشروع, بازیگران غیردولتی, توسل به زور, دولت میزبان, حمله مسلحانه,
چکیده مقاله :
حق دفاع مشروع در برابر بازیگران غیردولتی به تدریج جایگاه بیشتری در رویه دولتها پیدا کرده و مورد پذیرش قرار گرفته است. اما پذیرش این حق با چالشی اساسی مواجه است. اینکه چرا استفاده از نیروی دفاعی در قلمرو دولت دیگر، حق حاکمیت سرزمینی آن را نقض نمیکند در عمل، دولت هایی که به دفاع مشروع علیه بازیگران غیردولتی استناد می کنند، معمولا دخالت دولت میزبان در همکاری با این بازیگران را مبنای توجیه اقدام خود قرار می دهند با این حال، از منظرحقوقی، مشخص نیست که چگونه می توان این دخالت را به عنوان مبنایی برای توجیه قانونی تلقی کرد. برخی این دخالت را معادل انتساب می دانند. برخی دیگر آن را به معنای همدستی تعبیر می کنند. در مقابل گروهی نیز این دخالت را به منزله نقض تعهد دولت میزبان در حفاظت از حقوق سایر کشورها در قلمرو خود قلمداد می کنند. هر یک از این دیدگاه ها با چالش هایی همراه است و تاکنون نتوانسته اند حمایت گسترده ای را جلب کنند. این مقاله به بررسی امکان ارائه راه حلی متفاوت و کمتر مورد توجه می پردازد، اینکه دفاع مشروع به عنوان شرایطی که موجب رفع وصف تخلف می شود. اگرچه این راه حل نیز کامل به نظر نمی رسد و حقوق بین الملل در این زمینه هنوز ابهاماتی دارند، اما می تواند چارچوب منطقی مناسبتری برای توسعه مفهوم، دفاع مشروع در برابر بازیگران غیردولتی ارائه دهد.
The right to self-defense against non-state actors has gradually gained more acceptance and recognition in state practice. However, the acceptance of this right faces a fundamental challenge: why does the use of defensive force within another state's territory not violate its territorial sovereignty? In practice, states that invoke self-defense against non-state actors usually justify their actions by citing the host state's involvement in cooperating with these actors. However, from a legal perspective, it is unclear how this involvement can be considered a legitimate basis for justifying the use of force. Some view this involvement as equivalent to "attribution," while others interpret it as "complicity." Conversely, some consider this involvement as a violation of the host state's obligation to protect the rights of other states within its territory. Each of these views faces challenges and has not garnered widespread support. This article explores the possibility of offering a different and less considered solution: that self-defense be seen as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness. Although this solution does not appear to be fully conclusive and international law still contains ambiguities in this area, it may offer a more appropriate normative framework for developing the concept of self-defense against non-state actors.
References
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Alikhani, Mahdi, " Preventing the Use of Force and Anticipatory Self-Defense", Quarterly Journal of International Studies, Vol. 11, No. 4, Issue 44, (2016). [In Persian]
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Articles ]In Persian[
Abdollahi, Mohsen, Behzadi, Kivan, (2020) "The Obstacles to the Peremptory Nature of the Prohibition on the Use of Force", International Legal Journal, Vol. 37, Fall and Winter, No. 63. [In Persian]
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