سنتز سبز نانوذرات کلوئیدی طلا توسط کورکومین استخراج شده از گیاه زرد چوبه و بررسی فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانی آن
محورهای موضوعی : میکروبیولوژی مواد غذایی
نسیم خوش لهجه
1
(دانشجوی دکتری گروه شیمی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
کامبیز لاریجانی
2
(استادیار گروه شیمی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
الهام پورنامداری
3
(استادیار گروه شیمی، واحد اسلامشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
فریبا زمانی هرگلانی
4
(استادیار گروه علوم محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
حمید سعیدیان
5
(دانشیار دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: سنتز سبز, فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی, کورکومین, نانو ذرات طلا,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: نانوذرات طلا بدلیل دارا بودن اثرات غیر سمی برای انسان می تواند بعنوان یک ترکیب محافظ در بسته بندی مواد با ارزش غذایی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. با مرور منابع کاربردهایی دیگری در صنعت غذا از قبیل ساخت حسگرجهت شناسایی باقی مانده مواد خطرناک حاصل از فرآیندهای کشاورزی و صنعتی، برای این مواد متصور است. سنتز سبز این نانوذرات با استفاده از ترکیبات طبیعی به دلیل کاهش اثرات جانبی مواد شیمیایی، رویکردی نوینی است که در سال های اخیر از آن تحت عنوان " شیمی سبز" از آن یاد می گردد.مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه، نانو ذرات طلا به کمک ترکیب کورکومین خالص شده (بیش از 95%) از ادویه زرد چوبه بعنوان منبع اصلی این ترکیب، سنتز گردید. فرآیند سنتز با کمک روش های طیف سنجی ماوراء بنفش- مرئی و مادون قرمز- تبدیل فوریه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ساختار و مورفولوژی نانوذرات با استفاده از طیف سنجی پراش اشعه ایکس و عکسبرداری میکروسکوپی الکترونی عبوری و روبشی صورت پذیرفت. خواص آنتی اکسیدانی نانوذرات طلا- کورکومین با روش تله اندازی رادیکال آزاد DPPH مورد سنجش قرار گرفت.یافته ها: نانوذرات طلا به کمک روش شیمی سبز و با استفاده از کورکومین خالص شده از زرد چوبه در شکل کروی و ساختار کریستالی مکعبی وجوه پر و با ابعاد میانگین 80/9 نانومتر سنتز گردید. مطالعات آنتی اکسیدانی نشان داد که توانایی جذب رادیکال آزاد نانوذرات طلا- کورکومین در قیاس با کورکومین خالص (1/8%) افزایش یافت.نتیجه گیری: کورکومین بعنوان یک ترکیب طبیعی و دارای خواص آنتی اکسیدانی توانایی کاهش یونهای طلا و تبدیل آنها را به نانو ذرات دارا می باشد که با توجه به کاربرد این نانوذرات در صنعت غذا، از این روش می توان بعنوان یک روش سبز، ارزان و سالم استفاده کرد.
Introduction: Gold nanoparticles can be used as a protective compound in the packaging of nutritionally valuable materials due to their non-toxic effects on humans and high antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Other applications in the food industry, such as the construction of sensors to identify the remnants of hazardous materials from agricultural and industrial processes, are conceivable for these materials. One of the methods of synthesis of these nanoparticles is the use of natural compounds due to reducing the side effects of chemicals, a new approach that in recent years has been referred to as "green chemistry".Materials and Methods: gold nanoparticles were synthesized using curcumin purified from turmeric as the main source of this compound. The synthesis process was investigated using UV-VIS, FT-IR spectroscopy methods. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were performed using XRD spectroscopy and TEM and SEM imaging. The antioxidant properties of gold-curcumin nanoparticles were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging method.Results: Au-nanoparticles were synthesized using the green chemistry method using curcumin purified from turmeric in the form of a cross and cubic crystal structure of filled funds with an average size of 9.80 nm. Antioxidant studies showed that the free radical scavenging ability of gold-curcumin nanoparticles was increased as compared to pure curcumin.Conclusion: Curcumin as a natural compound with antioxidant properties has the ability to reduce gold ions and convert them into nanoparticles, and due to the use of these nanoparticles in the food industry, this method can be used as a green, inexpensive and eco-friendly.
adulteration in meatball formulation. Journal of Nanomaterials, ????
Aliabali, A. A., Akkam, Y., Al Zoubi, M. S., Al-Batayneh, K. M., Al-Trad, B., Abo Alrob, O., Alkilany, A. M., Benamara, M. & Evans, D. J. (2018). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Ziziphus zizyphus and their antimicrobial activity. Nanomaterials, 8, 174.
Badeggi, U. M., Ismail, E., Adeloye, A. O., Botha, S., Badmus, J. A., Marnewick, J. L., Cupido, C. N. & Hussein, A. A. (2020). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles capped with procyanidins from Leucosidea sericea as potential antidiabetic and antioxidant agents. Biomolecules, 10, 452.
Bener, M., Özyurek, M., Guclu, K. & Apak, R. (2016). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa L.(Turmeric) and evaluation of antioxidant activity in multi-test systems. Records of Natural Products, 10, 542.
Bomdyal, R. S., Shah, M. U., Doshi, Y. S., Shan, V. A. & Khirade, S. P. (2017). Antibacterial activity of curcumin (turmeric) against periopathogens-An in vitro evaluation. Journal of Advanced Clinical and Research Insights, 4, 175-180.
Chen, H., Zhou, K. & Zhao, G. (2018). Gold nanoparticles: From synthesis, properties to their potential application as colorimetric sensors in food safety screening. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 78, 83-94.
Dang, H., Fawcett, D. & Poinern, G. E. J. (2019). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from waste macadamia nut shells and their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermis. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 7.
Dhanyaraj, D. & Thomas, A. (2021). Phyto-Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Aqueous Extract of Curcuma longa and The Evaluation of total phenolic and Flavonoid Contents. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 82-88.
Fischer, N., Seo, E. J. & Efferth, T. (2018). Prevention from radiation damage by natural products. Phytomedicine, 47, 192-200.
He, Z. & Yang, H. (2018). Colourimetric detection of swine-specific DNA for halal authentication using gold nanoparticles. Food Control, 88, 9-14.
Heffernan, C., Ukrainczyk, M., Gamidi, R. K., Hodnett, B. K. & Rasmuson, Å. C. (2017). Extraction and purification of curcuminoids from crude curcumin by a combination of crystallization and chromatography. Organic Process Research & Development, 21, 821-826.
Hosseinimehr, S. J., Malmoudzadeh, A., Ahmadi, A., Ashrafi, S. A., Shafaghati, N. & Hedayati, N. (2011). The radioprotective effect of Zataria multiflora against genotoxicity induced by γ irradiation in human blood lymphocytes. Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals, 26, 325-329.
Koyun, O. & Sahin, Y. (2018). Voltammetric determination of nitrite with gold nanoparticles/poly (methylene blue)-modified pencil graphite electrode: application in food and water samples. Ionics, 24, 3187-3197.
Krishnamurthy, S., Esterle, A., Sharma, N. C. & Sahi, S. V. (2014). Yucca-derived synthesis of gold nanomaterial and their catalytic potential. Nanoscale Research Letters, 9, 1-9.
Kumar, B., Smita, K., Vizuete, K. S. & Cumbal, L. (2016). Aqueous phase Lavender leaf mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Biology and Medicine, 8, 1.
Kumari, P. & Meena, A. (2020). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Lawsoniainermis and its catalytic activities following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 606, 125447.
Markus, J., Wang, D., Kim, Y. J., Ahn, S., Mathiyalagan, R., Wang, C. & Yang D. C. (2017). Biosynthesis, characterization, and bioactivities evaluation of silver and gold nanoparticles mediated by the roots of Chinese herbal Angelica pubescens Maxim. Nanoscale Research Letters, 12, 1-12.
Mirmoghtadaie, L., Ensafi, A. A., Kadivar, M., Shahedi, M. & Ganjali, M. R. (2013). Highly selective, sensitive and fast determination of folic acid in food samples using new electrodeposited gold nanoparticles by differential pulse voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochem Science, 8, 3755-67.
Muniyappan, N., Pandeeswaran, M. & Amalraj, A. (2021). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Curcuma pseudomontana isolated curcumin: Its characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3, 117-124.
Muthiah, B., Muthukrishnan, L., Anita Lett, J., Sagadevan, S., Kesavan, S., Vennila, S., Ajmal Khan, M., Hegazy, H. & Ahmad, N. (2020). Eucalyptus Concoction Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Its Bioactive Role Explored via Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Studies. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 20, 6326-6333.
Paidari, S. & Ibrahim, S. A. (2021). Potential application of gold nanoparticles in food packaging: a mini review. Gold Bulletin, 1-6.
Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. & Kriz, G. S. (1996). Introduction to spectroscopy : a guide for students of organic chemistry.
Priyadarshini, E. & Pradhan, N. (2017). Gold nanoparticles as efficient sensors in colorimetric detection of toxic metal ions: a review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 238, 888-902.
Ramakrishna, M., Babu, D. R., Gengan, R. M., Chandra, S. & Rao, G. N. (2016). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using marine algae and evaluation of their catalytic activity. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 6, 1-13.
Rashidi, L. & Khosravi-Darani, K. (2011). The applications of nanotechnology in food industry. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 51, 723-730.
Rodrigues, F. C., Kumar, N. A. & Thakur, G. (2019). Developments in the anticancer activity of structurally modified curcumin: An up-to-date review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 177, 76-104.
Rosidi, A. (2020). The difference of Curcumin and Antioxidant activity in Curcuma Xanthorrhiza at different regions. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jan-Mar, 10, 15.
Sadeghi, B., Mohammadzadeh, M. & Babakhani, B. (2015). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Stevia rebaudiana leaf extracts: characterization and their stability. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 148, 101-106.
Scarsella, J. B., Zhang, N. & Hartman, T. G. (2019). Identification and migration studies of photolytic decomposition products of UV-photoinitiators in food packaging. Molecules, 24, 3592.
Shabestarian, H., Homayouni-Tabrizi, M., Soltani, M., Namvar, F., Azizi, S., Mohamad, R. & Shabestarian, H. (2016). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using sumac aqueous extract and their antioxidant activity. Materials Research, 20, 264-270.
Shrivas, K., Nirmalkar, N., Thakur, S. S., Deb, M. K., Shinde, S. S. & Shankar, R. (2018). Sucrose capped gold nanoparticles as a plasmonic chemical sensor based on non-covalent interactions: Application for selective detection of vitamins B1 and B6 in brown and white rice food samples. Food Chemistry, 250, 14-21.
Singh, A. K. & Srivastava, O. (2015). One-step green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using black cardamom and effect of pH on its synthesis. Nanoscale Research Letters, 10, 1-12.
Singh, S., Dev, A., Gupta, A., Nigam, V. K. & Poluri, K. M. (2019). Nitrate Reductase mediated synthesis of surface passivated nanogold as broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Gold Bulletin, 52, 197-216.
Subara, D. & Jaswir, I. (2018). Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis and application for halal authentication in meat and meat products. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 8, 1633-1641.
Sun, B., Hu, N., Han, L., Pi, Y., Gao, Y. & Chen, K. (2019). Anticancer activity of green synthesised gold nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima inhibits A549 cell proliferation through the apoptotic pathway. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 47, 4012-4019.
Veena, S., Devasena, T., Sathak, S., Yasasve, M. & Vishal, L. (2019). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Vitex negundo leaf extract: characterization and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant–antibacterial activity. Journal of Cluster Science, 30, 1591-1597.
Vinay, S., Udayabhanu, N. G., Hemasekhar, B., Chandrappa, C. & Chandrasekhar, N. (2019). Biomedical applications of Durio zibethinus extract mediated gold nanoparticles as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticoagulant activity. International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 5, 150-155.
Wongyai, K., WintachaiI, P., Maungchang, R. & Rattanakit, P. (2020). Exploration of the Antimicrobial and Catalytic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Greenly Synthesized by Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. and Schult Extract. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2020, 1320274.
Yang, M., Akbar, U. & Mohan, C. (2019). Curcumin in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Nutrients, 11, 1004.
Yeh, Y. C., Creran, B. & Rotello, V. M. (2012). Gold nanoparticles: preparation, properties, and applications in bionanotechnology. Nanoscale, 4, 1871-1880.
Yu, J., Xu, D., Guan, H. N., Wang, C. & Huang, L. K. (2016). Facile one-step green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus maxima aqueous extracts and its catalytic activity. Materials Letters, 166, 110-112.
_||_
adulteration in meatball formulation. Journal of Nanomaterials, ????
Aliabali, A. A., Akkam, Y., Al Zoubi, M. S., Al-Batayneh, K. M., Al-Trad, B., Abo Alrob, O., Alkilany, A. M., Benamara, M. & Evans, D. J. (2018). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Ziziphus zizyphus and their antimicrobial activity. Nanomaterials, 8, 174.
Badeggi, U. M., Ismail, E., Adeloye, A. O., Botha, S., Badmus, J. A., Marnewick, J. L., Cupido, C. N. & Hussein, A. A. (2020). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles capped with procyanidins from Leucosidea sericea as potential antidiabetic and antioxidant agents. Biomolecules, 10, 452.
Bener, M., Özyurek, M., Guclu, K. & Apak, R. (2016). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa L.(Turmeric) and evaluation of antioxidant activity in multi-test systems. Records of Natural Products, 10, 542.
Bomdyal, R. S., Shah, M. U., Doshi, Y. S., Shan, V. A. & Khirade, S. P. (2017). Antibacterial activity of curcumin (turmeric) against periopathogens-An in vitro evaluation. Journal of Advanced Clinical and Research Insights, 4, 175-180.
Chen, H., Zhou, K. & Zhao, G. (2018). Gold nanoparticles: From synthesis, properties to their potential application as colorimetric sensors in food safety screening. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 78, 83-94.
Dang, H., Fawcett, D. & Poinern, G. E. J. (2019). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from waste macadamia nut shells and their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermis. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 7.
Dhanyaraj, D. & Thomas, A. (2021). Phyto-Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Aqueous Extract of Curcuma longa and The Evaluation of total phenolic and Flavonoid Contents. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 82-88.
Fischer, N., Seo, E. J. & Efferth, T. (2018). Prevention from radiation damage by natural products. Phytomedicine, 47, 192-200.
He, Z. & Yang, H. (2018). Colourimetric detection of swine-specific DNA for halal authentication using gold nanoparticles. Food Control, 88, 9-14.
Heffernan, C., Ukrainczyk, M., Gamidi, R. K., Hodnett, B. K. & Rasmuson, Å. C. (2017). Extraction and purification of curcuminoids from crude curcumin by a combination of crystallization and chromatography. Organic Process Research & Development, 21, 821-826.
Hosseinimehr, S. J., Malmoudzadeh, A., Ahmadi, A., Ashrafi, S. A., Shafaghati, N. & Hedayati, N. (2011). The radioprotective effect of Zataria multiflora against genotoxicity induced by γ irradiation in human blood lymphocytes. Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals, 26, 325-329.
Koyun, O. & Sahin, Y. (2018). Voltammetric determination of nitrite with gold nanoparticles/poly (methylene blue)-modified pencil graphite electrode: application in food and water samples. Ionics, 24, 3187-3197.
Krishnamurthy, S., Esterle, A., Sharma, N. C. & Sahi, S. V. (2014). Yucca-derived synthesis of gold nanomaterial and their catalytic potential. Nanoscale Research Letters, 9, 1-9.
Kumar, B., Smita, K., Vizuete, K. S. & Cumbal, L. (2016). Aqueous phase Lavender leaf mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Biology and Medicine, 8, 1.
Kumari, P. & Meena, A. (2020). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Lawsoniainermis and its catalytic activities following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 606, 125447.
Markus, J., Wang, D., Kim, Y. J., Ahn, S., Mathiyalagan, R., Wang, C. & Yang D. C. (2017). Biosynthesis, characterization, and bioactivities evaluation of silver and gold nanoparticles mediated by the roots of Chinese herbal Angelica pubescens Maxim. Nanoscale Research Letters, 12, 1-12.
Mirmoghtadaie, L., Ensafi, A. A., Kadivar, M., Shahedi, M. & Ganjali, M. R. (2013). Highly selective, sensitive and fast determination of folic acid in food samples using new electrodeposited gold nanoparticles by differential pulse voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochem Science, 8, 3755-67.
Muniyappan, N., Pandeeswaran, M. & Amalraj, A. (2021). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Curcuma pseudomontana isolated curcumin: Its characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3, 117-124.
Muthiah, B., Muthukrishnan, L., Anita Lett, J., Sagadevan, S., Kesavan, S., Vennila, S., Ajmal Khan, M., Hegazy, H. & Ahmad, N. (2020). Eucalyptus Concoction Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Its Bioactive Role Explored via Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Studies. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 20, 6326-6333.
Paidari, S. & Ibrahim, S. A. (2021). Potential application of gold nanoparticles in food packaging: a mini review. Gold Bulletin, 1-6.
Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. & Kriz, G. S. (1996). Introduction to spectroscopy : a guide for students of organic chemistry.
Priyadarshini, E. & Pradhan, N. (2017). Gold nanoparticles as efficient sensors in colorimetric detection of toxic metal ions: a review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 238, 888-902.
Ramakrishna, M., Babu, D. R., Gengan, R. M., Chandra, S. & Rao, G. N. (2016). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using marine algae and evaluation of their catalytic activity. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 6, 1-13.
Rashidi, L. & Khosravi-Darani, K. (2011). The applications of nanotechnology in food industry. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 51, 723-730.
Rodrigues, F. C., Kumar, N. A. & Thakur, G. (2019). Developments in the anticancer activity of structurally modified curcumin: An up-to-date review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 177, 76-104.
Rosidi, A. (2020). The difference of Curcumin and Antioxidant activity in Curcuma Xanthorrhiza at different regions. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Jan-Mar, 10, 15.
Sadeghi, B., Mohammadzadeh, M. & Babakhani, B. (2015). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Stevia rebaudiana leaf extracts: characterization and their stability. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 148, 101-106.
Scarsella, J. B., Zhang, N. & Hartman, T. G. (2019). Identification and migration studies of photolytic decomposition products of UV-photoinitiators in food packaging. Molecules, 24, 3592.
Shabestarian, H., Homayouni-Tabrizi, M., Soltani, M., Namvar, F., Azizi, S., Mohamad, R. & Shabestarian, H. (2016). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using sumac aqueous extract and their antioxidant activity. Materials Research, 20, 264-270.
Shrivas, K., Nirmalkar, N., Thakur, S. S., Deb, M. K., Shinde, S. S. & Shankar, R. (2018). Sucrose capped gold nanoparticles as a plasmonic chemical sensor based on non-covalent interactions: Application for selective detection of vitamins B1 and B6 in brown and white rice food samples. Food Chemistry, 250, 14-21.
Singh, A. K. & Srivastava, O. (2015). One-step green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using black cardamom and effect of pH on its synthesis. Nanoscale Research Letters, 10, 1-12.
Singh, S., Dev, A., Gupta, A., Nigam, V. K. & Poluri, K. M. (2019). Nitrate Reductase mediated synthesis of surface passivated nanogold as broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Gold Bulletin, 52, 197-216.
Subara, D. & Jaswir, I. (2018). Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis and application for halal authentication in meat and meat products. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 8, 1633-1641.
Sun, B., Hu, N., Han, L., Pi, Y., Gao, Y. & Chen, K. (2019). Anticancer activity of green synthesised gold nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima inhibits A549 cell proliferation through the apoptotic pathway. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 47, 4012-4019.
Veena, S., Devasena, T., Sathak, S., Yasasve, M. & Vishal, L. (2019). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Vitex negundo leaf extract: characterization and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant–antibacterial activity. Journal of Cluster Science, 30, 1591-1597.
Vinay, S., Udayabhanu, N. G., Hemasekhar, B., Chandrappa, C. & Chandrasekhar, N. (2019). Biomedical applications of Durio zibethinus extract mediated gold nanoparticles as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticoagulant activity. International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 5, 150-155.
Wongyai, K., WintachaiI, P., Maungchang, R. & Rattanakit, P. (2020). Exploration of the Antimicrobial and Catalytic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Greenly Synthesized by Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. and Schult Extract. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2020, 1320274.
Yang, M., Akbar, U. & Mohan, C. (2019). Curcumin in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Nutrients, 11, 1004.
Yeh, Y. C., Creran, B. & Rotello, V. M. (2012). Gold nanoparticles: preparation, properties, and applications in bionanotechnology. Nanoscale, 4, 1871-1880.
Yu, J., Xu, D., Guan, H. N., Wang, C. & Huang, L. K. (2016). Facile one-step green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus maxima aqueous extracts and its catalytic activity. Materials Letters, 166, 110-112.