تأثیر استفاده از پوست پرتقال (Citrus Sinensis) به‌عنوان جاذب زیستی بر خواص کیفی و مقدار فلزات سنگین روغن کنجد حاصل از پرس سرد
محورهای موضوعی :
بهداشت مواد غذایی
عیسی فتح الهی
1
,
راحله هاشمی نژاد
2
,
سمیه طالبی
3
1 - استادیار گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد ممقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ممقان، ایران
2 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد ممقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ممقان، ایران
3 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد ممقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ممقان، ایران
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/07/02
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/09/12
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/06/01
کلید واژه:
فلزات سنگین,
جاذب زیستی,
روغن کنجد,
اکسیداسیون,
پوست پرتقال,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه به دلیل معایب روش های متداول حذف فلزات سنگین، استفاده از ضایعات کشاورزی و محصولات فرعی حاصل از فرآوری مواد غذایی به عنوان جاذب زیستی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این مطالعه تأثیر غلظت و زمان هم زدن پوست پرتقال بر ویژگی های کیفی و مقدار فلزات سنگین (سرب، آهن، مس، کادمیوم و آرسنیک) در روغن کنجد حاصل از پرس سرد بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت پوست پرتقال و مدت زمان هم زدن تأثیر معنی دار بر ویژگی های کیفی و مقدار فلزات سنگین داشت (05/0>p). نسبت به نمونه شاهد مقادیر دی ان و تری ان کونژوگه، اندیس پراکسید، درصد اسیدهای چرب آزاد و کلروفیل برای نمونه حاوی 6 گرم بر لیتر پوست پرتقال به ترتیب 10/68، 66/50، 61/49، 15/44 و 76/65 درصد کاهش یافت ولی مقدار کاروتنوئید و پلی فنول کل به ترتیب 03/8 و 30/37 درصد افزایش پیدا کرد. همچنین دی ان و تری ان کونژوگه، اندیس پراکسید، درصد اسیدهای چرب آزاد و کاروتنوئید تا 30 دقیقه و کلروفیل تا 45 دقیقه هم زدن کاهش و فنول کل تا 45 دقیقه هم زدن افزایش یافت. نسبت به نمونه شاهد مقدار سرب، آهن، مس، آرسنیک و کادمیوم به ترتیب 31/24، 49/43، 16/47، 49/36 و 53/21 درصد در نمونه روغن حاوی 6 گرم بر لیتر پوست پرتقال کاهش یافت. مقدار سرب، آهن، مس، آرسنیک و کادمیوم نسبت به نمونه شاهد به ترتیب 87/35، 65/50، 12/56، 81/47 و 50/21 درصد با افزایش زمان هم زدن تا 60 دقیقه کاهش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که پوست پرتقال به عنوان جاذب زیستی می تواند باعث بهبود کیفی، کاهش فلزات سنگین روغن و ایجاد ارزش افزوده گردد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Nowadays, due to the disadvantages of the conventional methods of removing heavy metals, application of agricultural waste and by-products from food processing as a biosorbent has been considered. This study investigates the effect of orange peel concentration and agitation time on the quality characteristics and the level of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd and As) in cold-pressed sesame oil. Results showed that the concentration of orange peel and agitation time significantly affected the quality characteristics and the level of heavy metals (p< 0.05). Compared to the control sample, the values of conjugated diene, conjugated triene, peroxide value, free fatty acids and chlorophyll of samples containing 6 g/l of orange peel decreased by 68.10, 50.66, 49.61, and 15.1, 44 and 65.76%, respectively. But carotenoid and total polyphenol contents increased by 8.03% and 37.30%, respectively. Also, conjugated diene, conjugated triene, peroxide value, free fatty acids and carotenoid decreased up to 30 minutes, chlorophyll decreased up to 45 minutes, and total polyphenol increased up to 45 minutes of agitation. Comparing with control sample, the content of lead, iron, copper, arsenic and cadmium in the oil sample containing 6 g/liter orange peel, decreased by 24.31, 43.49, 47.16, 36.49 and 21.53% respectively. Increasing agitation time up to 60 minutes, decreased the level of Pb, Fe, Cu, As and Cd by 35.87, 50.65, 56.12, 47.81 and 21.50%, respectively. The results showed that orange peel as a biosorbent can improve quality, reduce heavy metals in oil and create added value.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abd-Talib, N., Chuong, C.S., Mohd-Setapar, S.H., Asli, U.A., Pa’ee, K.F. and Len, K.Y.T. (2020). Trends in Adsorption Mechanisms of Fruit Peel Adsorbents to Remove Wastewater Pollutants (Cu (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II)). Journal of Water and Environment Technology, 18(5), 290–313.
Ali Redha, A. (2020). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by biosorption. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 27(1), 183–193.
Aydeniz, B. and Yilmaz, E. (2012). Enrichment of frying oils with plant phenolic extracts to extend the usage life. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 114(8), 933–941.
Dias, M., Pinto, J., Henriques, B., Figueira, P., Fabre, E., Tavares, D. et al. (2021). Nutshells as efficient biosorbents to remove cadmium, lead, and mercury from contaminated solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–17.
Elaigwu, E.D., Ogo, O.A. Esienanwan Esien Efiong, E.E.E. and Oche, O.G. (2019). Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on Oxidative Stability of Palm Oil. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 13(1), 1-10.
El Harfi, M., Nabloussi, A., Rizki, H., Latrache, H. and Ennahli, S. (2015). Biochemical Assessment of Moroccan Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Genotypes. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2(5), 1005–1015.
(2021). Food and Agriculture, Organization of the United Nations. Citrus Fruit Statistical Compendium 2020. Rome.
Farooq, U., Kozinski, J.A., Khan, M.A. and Athar, M. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metal ions using wheat based biosorbents - A review of the recent literature. Bioresource Technology, 101(14), 5043–5053.
Fathollahi, I., Farmani, J., Kasaai, M.R. and Hamishehkar, H. (2021). Some physical properties of Persian lime (Citrus Latifolia) seeds and physicochemical properties of the seed oil as affected by solvent extraction and cold pressing methods. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 15(2), 1169–1178.
Fathollahy, I., Pezeshki, A. and Sorouraddin, S.M. (2021). Effect of different extraction methods on trace metal elements content of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) seed oil. OCL - Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 28.
Feng, N.C. and Guo, X.Y. (2012). Characterization of adsorptive capacity and mechanisms on adsorption of copper, lead and zinc by modified orange peel. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 22(5), 1224–1231.
Fomina, M. and Gadd, G.M. (2014). Biosorption: Current perspectives on concept, definition and application. Bioresource Technology, 160, 3–14.
Fourest, E., Serre, A. and Roux, J.C. (1996). Contribution of carboxyl groups to heavy metal binding sites in fungal wall. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 54(1–4), 1–10.
Gadd, G.M. (2009). Biosorption: Critical review of scientific rationale, environmental importance and significance for pollution treatment. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84(1), 13–28.
Gharby, S., Harhar, H., Bouzoubaa, Z., Asdadi, A., El Yadini, A. and Charrouf, Z. (2017). Chemical characterization and oxidative stability of seeds and oil of sesame grown in Morocco. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(2), 105–111.
Gharby, S., Harhar, H., Guillaume, D., Roudani, A., Boulbaroud, S., Ibrahimi, M., et al. (2015). Chemical investigation of Nigella sativa L. seed oil produced in Morocco. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2), 172–177.
Hajahmadi, Z., Younesi, H., Bahramifar, N., Khakpour, H. and Pirzadeh, K. (2015). Multicomponent isotherm for biosorption of Zn (II), CO (II) and Cd (II) from ternary mixture onto pretreated dried Aspergillus niger Water Resources and Industry, 11(Ii), 71–80.
Jabri-Karoui, I. and Marzouk, B. (2014). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities and heat stability of corn oil enriched with tunisian citrus aurantium L. peel extract. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 91(8), 1367–1375.
Kwikima, M.M., Mateso, S. and Chebude, Y. (2021). Potentials of agricultural wastes as the ultimate alternative adsorbent for cadmium removal from wastewater. A review. Scientific African, 13, e00934.
Mahmudiono, T., Bokov, D., Widjaja, G., Konstantinov, I.S., Setiyawan, K., Abdelbasset, W.K., et al. (2022). Removal of heavy metals using food industry waste as a cheap adsorbent. Food Science and Technology (Brazil), 42.
Nakbanpote, W., Goodman, B.A. and Thiravetyan, P. (2007). Copper adsorption on rice husk derived materials studied by EPR and FTIR. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 304(1–3), 7–13.
Nathan, R.J., Barr, D. and Rosengren, R.J. (2022). Six fruit and vegetable peel beads for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals by biosorption. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 43(13), 1935–1952.
Nathan, R.J., Martin, C.E., Barr, D. and Rosengren, R.J. (2021). Simultaneous removal of heavy metals from drinking water by banana, orange and potato peel beads: a study of biosorption kinetics. Applied Water Science, 11(7), 116.
Nurain, A., Sarker, P., Rahaman, M.S., Rahman, M.M. and Uddin, M.K. (2021). Utilization of Banana (Musa sapientum) Peel for Removal of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science, 1(2), 117–128.
Pal, K., Banerjee, I., Sarkar, P., Bit, A., Kim, D., Anis, A. and Maji, S. (2021). Food, Medical, and Environmental Applications of Polysaccharides. 1st edition, Elsevier, pp. 627–665.
Pegg, R.B. (2005). Measurement Of Primary Lipid Oxidation Products. Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry, 1–2, 515–529.
Pehlivan, E., Altun, T., Cetin, S. and Iqbal Bhanger, M. (2009). Lead sorption by waste biomass of hazelnut and almond shell. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1–3), 1203–1208.
Robalds, A., Naja, G.M. and Klavins, M. (2016). Highlighting inconsistencies regarding metal biosorption. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 304, 553–556.
Romelle, F.D., Rani, A. and Manohar, R.S. (2016). Chemical composition of some selected fruit peels. European Journal of Food Science and Technology, 4(C), 2–5.
Sao, K., Khana, F., Pandey, P.K. and Pandeyc, M. (2014). A Review on Heavy Metals Uptake by Plants through Biosorption Kajal. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 75(17), 78–83.
Tan, G. and Xiao, D. (2009). Adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by ground wheat stems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2–3), 1359–1363.
Tejada-Tovar, C., Villabona-Ortíz, Á., Diofanor Acevedo, C., NoridaPajaro, G., and María Otero, A. (2018). Lead (II) Remotion in Solution Using Lemon Peel (Citrus limonum) Modified with Citric Acid. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 10(1), 117-122.
Tejada-Tovar, C., Villabona-Ortíz, Á., Sierra-Ardila, C., Meza-Acuña, M. and Ortega-
Toro, R. (2021). Adsorption in a binary system of Pb (II) and Ni (II) using lemon peels. Revista Facultad de Ingenieria, 101, 31–44.
Torab-Mostaedi, M., Asadollahzadeh, M., Hemmati, A. and Khosravi, A. (2013). Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies for biosorption of cadmium and nickel on grapefruit peel. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44(2), 295–302.
Villen-Guzman, M., Cerrillo-Gonzalez, M.M., Paz-Garcia, J.M., Rodriguez-Maroto, J.M. and Arhoun, B. (2021). Valorization of lemon peel waste as biosorbent for the simultaneous removal of nickel and cadmium from industrial effluents. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21, 101380.
Volesky, B. (2007). Biosorption and me. Water Research, 41(18), 4017–4029.
Wang, J. (2002). Biosorption of copper(II) by chemically modified biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Process Biochemistry, 37(8), 847–850.
Wang, X., Chen, Q. and Lü, X. (2014). Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water. Food Hydrocolloids, 38, 129–137.
Witek-Krowiak, A., Szafran, R.G. and Modelski, S. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions onto peanut shell as a low-cost biosorbent. Desalination, 265(1–3), 126–134.
Yang, Z., Peng, H., Wang, W. and Liu, T. (2011). Adsorption Characterization of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) on Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Starch. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 116(5), 2658–2667.
Yirga, A., Yadav, O.P. and Dey, T. (2022). Waste Orange Peel Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal from Water. Pollution, 8(2), 553–566.
_||_
Abd-Talib, N., Chuong, C.S., Mohd-Setapar, S.H., Asli, U.A., Pa’ee, K.F. and Len, K.Y.T. (2020). Trends in Adsorption Mechanisms of Fruit Peel Adsorbents to Remove Wastewater Pollutants (Cu (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II)). Journal of Water and Environment Technology, 18(5), 290–313.
Ali Redha, A. (2020). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by biosorption. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 27(1), 183–193.
Aydeniz, B. and Yilmaz, E. (2012). Enrichment of frying oils with plant phenolic extracts to extend the usage life. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 114(8), 933–941.
Dias, M., Pinto, J., Henriques, B., Figueira, P., Fabre, E., Tavares, D. et al. (2021). Nutshells as efficient biosorbents to remove cadmium, lead, and mercury from contaminated solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–17.
Elaigwu, E.D., Ogo, O.A. Esienanwan Esien Efiong, E.E.E. and Oche, O.G. (2019). Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on Oxidative Stability of Palm Oil. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 13(1), 1-10.
El Harfi, M., Nabloussi, A., Rizki, H., Latrache, H. and Ennahli, S. (2015). Biochemical Assessment of Moroccan Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Genotypes. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2(5), 1005–1015.
(2021). Food and Agriculture, Organization of the United Nations. Citrus Fruit Statistical Compendium 2020. Rome.
Farooq, U., Kozinski, J.A., Khan, M.A. and Athar, M. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metal ions using wheat based biosorbents - A review of the recent literature. Bioresource Technology, 101(14), 5043–5053.
Fathollahi, I., Farmani, J., Kasaai, M.R. and Hamishehkar, H. (2021). Some physical properties of Persian lime (Citrus Latifolia) seeds and physicochemical properties of the seed oil as affected by solvent extraction and cold pressing methods. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 15(2), 1169–1178.
Fathollahy, I., Pezeshki, A. and Sorouraddin, S.M. (2021). Effect of different extraction methods on trace metal elements content of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) seed oil. OCL - Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 28.
Feng, N.C. and Guo, X.Y. (2012). Characterization of adsorptive capacity and mechanisms on adsorption of copper, lead and zinc by modified orange peel. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 22(5), 1224–1231.
Fomina, M. and Gadd, G.M. (2014). Biosorption: Current perspectives on concept, definition and application. Bioresource Technology, 160, 3–14.
Fourest, E., Serre, A. and Roux, J.C. (1996). Contribution of carboxyl groups to heavy metal binding sites in fungal wall. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 54(1–4), 1–10.
Gadd, G.M. (2009). Biosorption: Critical review of scientific rationale, environmental importance and significance for pollution treatment. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84(1), 13–28.
Gharby, S., Harhar, H., Bouzoubaa, Z., Asdadi, A., El Yadini, A. and Charrouf, Z. (2017). Chemical characterization and oxidative stability of seeds and oil of sesame grown in Morocco. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(2), 105–111.
Gharby, S., Harhar, H., Guillaume, D., Roudani, A., Boulbaroud, S., Ibrahimi, M., et al. (2015). Chemical investigation of Nigella sativa L. seed oil produced in Morocco. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2), 172–177.
Hajahmadi, Z., Younesi, H., Bahramifar, N., Khakpour, H. and Pirzadeh, K. (2015). Multicomponent isotherm for biosorption of Zn (II), CO (II) and Cd (II) from ternary mixture onto pretreated dried Aspergillus niger Water Resources and Industry, 11(Ii), 71–80.
Jabri-Karoui, I. and Marzouk, B. (2014). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities and heat stability of corn oil enriched with tunisian citrus aurantium L. peel extract. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 91(8), 1367–1375.
Kwikima, M.M., Mateso, S. and Chebude, Y. (2021). Potentials of agricultural wastes as the ultimate alternative adsorbent for cadmium removal from wastewater. A review. Scientific African, 13, e00934.
Mahmudiono, T., Bokov, D., Widjaja, G., Konstantinov, I.S., Setiyawan, K., Abdelbasset, W.K., et al. (2022). Removal of heavy metals using food industry waste as a cheap adsorbent. Food Science and Technology (Brazil), 42.
Nakbanpote, W., Goodman, B.A. and Thiravetyan, P. (2007). Copper adsorption on rice husk derived materials studied by EPR and FTIR. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 304(1–3), 7–13.
Nathan, R.J., Barr, D. and Rosengren, R.J. (2022). Six fruit and vegetable peel beads for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals by biosorption. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 43(13), 1935–1952.
Nathan, R.J., Martin, C.E., Barr, D. and Rosengren, R.J. (2021). Simultaneous removal of heavy metals from drinking water by banana, orange and potato peel beads: a study of biosorption kinetics. Applied Water Science, 11(7), 116.
Nurain, A., Sarker, P., Rahaman, M.S., Rahman, M.M. and Uddin, M.K. (2021). Utilization of Banana (Musa sapientum) Peel for Removal of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science, 1(2), 117–128.
Pal, K., Banerjee, I., Sarkar, P., Bit, A., Kim, D., Anis, A. and Maji, S. (2021). Food, Medical, and Environmental Applications of Polysaccharides. 1st edition, Elsevier, pp. 627–665.
Pegg, R.B. (2005). Measurement Of Primary Lipid Oxidation Products. Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry, 1–2, 515–529.
Pehlivan, E., Altun, T., Cetin, S. and Iqbal Bhanger, M. (2009). Lead sorption by waste biomass of hazelnut and almond shell. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1–3), 1203–1208.
Robalds, A., Naja, G.M. and Klavins, M. (2016). Highlighting inconsistencies regarding metal biosorption. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 304, 553–556.
Romelle, F.D., Rani, A. and Manohar, R.S. (2016). Chemical composition of some selected fruit peels. European Journal of Food Science and Technology, 4(C), 2–5.
Sao, K., Khana, F., Pandey, P.K. and Pandeyc, M. (2014). A Review on Heavy Metals Uptake by Plants through Biosorption Kajal. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 75(17), 78–83.
Tan, G. and Xiao, D. (2009). Adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by ground wheat stems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2–3), 1359–1363.
Tejada-Tovar, C., Villabona-Ortíz, Á., Diofanor Acevedo, C., NoridaPajaro, G., and María Otero, A. (2018). Lead (II) Remotion in Solution Using Lemon Peel (Citrus limonum) Modified with Citric Acid. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 10(1), 117-122.
Tejada-Tovar, C., Villabona-Ortíz, Á., Sierra-Ardila, C., Meza-Acuña, M. and Ortega-
Toro, R. (2021). Adsorption in a binary system of Pb (II) and Ni (II) using lemon peels. Revista Facultad de Ingenieria, 101, 31–44.
Torab-Mostaedi, M., Asadollahzadeh, M., Hemmati, A. and Khosravi, A. (2013). Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies for biosorption of cadmium and nickel on grapefruit peel. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44(2), 295–302.
Villen-Guzman, M., Cerrillo-Gonzalez, M.M., Paz-Garcia, J.M., Rodriguez-Maroto, J.M. and Arhoun, B. (2021). Valorization of lemon peel waste as biosorbent for the simultaneous removal of nickel and cadmium from industrial effluents. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21, 101380.
Volesky, B. (2007). Biosorption and me. Water Research, 41(18), 4017–4029.
Wang, J. (2002). Biosorption of copper(II) by chemically modified biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Process Biochemistry, 37(8), 847–850.
Wang, X., Chen, Q. and Lü, X. (2014). Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water. Food Hydrocolloids, 38, 129–137.
Witek-Krowiak, A., Szafran, R.G. and Modelski, S. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions onto peanut shell as a low-cost biosorbent. Desalination, 265(1–3), 126–134.
Yang, Z., Peng, H., Wang, W. and Liu, T. (2011). Adsorption Characterization of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) on Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Starch. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 116(5), 2658–2667.
Yirga, A., Yadav, O.P. and Dey, T. (2022). Waste Orange Peel Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal from Water. Pollution, 8(2), 553–566.
