اثر مدیریت تلفیقی کودهای بیولوژیکی و شیمیایی نیتروژنی در تراکم های مختلف بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L) تحت تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیحسن رحمانی 1 , مانی مجدم 2 , علیرضا شکوه فر 3 , مجتبی علوی فاضل 4 , شهرام لک 5
1 - گروه زراعت، پردیس علوم و تحقیقات خوزستان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران و گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
کلید واژه: عملکرد دانه, تراکم, روغن, نیتروکسین,
چکیده مقاله :
این آزمایش به صورت کرت های دوبار خردشده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال های زراعی 95-1394 و 96-1395 در استان خوزستان اجرا شد. عامل اصلی، تنش کمبود آب با چهار سطح، آبیاری پس از تخلیه 45، 60، 75 و 90درصد آب قابل استفاده گیاه به عنوان عامل فرعی، تلفیق کود بیولوژیک و شیمیایی نیتروژنی، با سه سطح 100 درصد کود شیمیایی، 75 و 50 درصد تلفیق کود شیمیایی با 100 درصد نیتروکسین و تراکم بوته در سه سطح 57، 71 و 95 هزار بوته در هکتار به عنوان عامل فرعی فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد برهمکنش تنش کمبود آب، تلفیق کود زیستی و شیمیایی نیتروژن و تراکم بوته تأثیر معنی دار بر عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در طبق، شاخص برداشت و عملکرد بیولوژیکی داشتند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه از تیمار آبیاری مطلوب با تلفیق 75 درصد کود شیمیایی و زیستی و تراکم 95 هزار بوته حاصل شد که نسبت به تیمار تنش خیلی شدید رطوبتی با 75 درصد کود شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی و تراکم 57 هزار بوته 75 درصد افزایش به دست آمد. برهمکنش تنش رطوبتی و تراکم و کودها بر درصد روغن و شاخص سطح برگ معنی دار شد. در مجموع استفاده از نیتروژن از دو منبع شیمیایی و زیستی در تراکم 95 هزار بوته برای کاهش اثرات تنش رطوبتی بر گیاه آفتابگردان قابل توصیه می باشد.
This experiment was carried out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping years in Khuzestan province. The main factor, consisted as water shortage stress with four levels of irrigation after depletion of 45, 60, 75 and 90% of plant usable water was optimal irrigation, mild stress, severe stress and very severe stress, respectively. The levels of 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% and 50% combination of chemical fertilizer with 100% nitroxin and plant density at three levels of 57, 71 and 95 thousand plants per hectare were as sub-factors. The results showed that the interaction of water shortage stress, combination of nitrogen biochemical and chemical fertilizer and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seeds per head, harvest index and biological yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from the optimal irrigation treatment by combining 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 95,000 plants per hectare, which showed a 75% increase compared to the very severe moisture stress treatment with 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 57,000 plants per hectare. The interaction of moisture stress and density and fertilizers on oil percentage and leaf area index was significant. In general, the use of nitrogen from both chemical and biological sources at a density of 95,000 plants per hectare may reduce the effects of moisture stress on the sunflower plant in the experimental condition.
Abbasi Seyahjani, E., F. Farhvash, H. Kazemi Arbat, and M.B. Khorshidi Benam. 2013. The effects of water deficit stress on some morphological characteristics and grain yield of armavirsky cultivar of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6(4): 353-364. (In Persian).
Ahmad abadi, Z., M. Ghajar sepanlo, and M.A. Bahmanyar. 2011. Effect of vermicompost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of Agriculture. 13(2): 1-12. (In Persian).
Bell, M.J., B. Harch, and G.C. Wright. 1991. Plant population studies on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) insubtropical Australia. I. Growth under fully irrigated conditions. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 31(4): 535-543.
Daneshian, J., and H. Jabbari. 2009. Effect of limited irrigation and plant density on morphologicalcharacteristics and grain yield in a dwarf sunflower hybrid (CMS26 × R103) as second crop. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 10(40): 377-388. (In Persian).
Daneshian, J., A. Jamshidi, A. Ghalavand, and S. Farrokhi. 2008. Determine the most suitable plant density and planting date for the new hybrid (CMS-26 * R-103) sunflower. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 10(1): 72-86. (In Persian).
Emam, Y. 2007. Cereal production. Shiraz University Press. 190 pp. (In Persian).
Emami Bistgani, Z., S.A. Siadat, A. Bakhshande, K.H. Alami Saeid, and GH.H. Shiresmaeili. 2012. Effect of plant density on yield and quality traits of four sunflower genotypes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 1-13. (In Persian).
Ferreira, A.M., and F.G. Abrue. 2001. Description of development, light interception and growth of sunflower at two sowing dates and two densities. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation in Agricultural and Bio-industries. 56: 369-384.
Fu, G.F., J. Song, J. Xiong, Y.R. Li, H.Z. Chen, M.K. Le, and L.X. Tao. 2011. Changes of oxidative stress and soluble sugar anthers involve in rice pollen abortion under drought stress. Agricultural Sciences in China. 10(7): 1016-1025.
Gholinezhad, E. 2014. Effect of water deficit stress, different rates of nitrogen and plant density on remobilization, current photosynthesis and grain yield in sunflower. Journal of Oil Plant Production. 1(1): 43-63. (In Persian).
Heydari, M., and V. Karami. 2013. Effects of water stress and different mycorrhiza species on yield and yield components, chlorophyll and biochemical components of sunflower. Journal of Environmental Stress on Crop Science. 6(1): 17-28. (In Persian).
Ibrahim, H.M. 2012. Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia. 4: 175–182.
Jabari, H., G. Akbari, A. Daneshian, J. Alah dadi, and I. Shahbazian. 2007. Effect of water deficit stress on agronomic characteristics of sunflower hybrids. Agriculture Research. 9(1): 13-22.
Khamari, S., K. Ghasemi, H. Alyari, and S. Zehtab Salmasi. 2007. The effect of irrigation on phenology and yield of three sunflower cultivars in Tabriz. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 14(6): 72-80.
Kocabas, I., M. Kaplan, M. Kurkcuoglu, and K.H.C. Baser. 2010. Effects of different organic manure applications on the essential oil components of Turkish sage (Salvia fruticosa mill). Asian Journal of Chemistry. 22(2): 1599-1605.
Koocheki, A., M. Hoseini, and A. Dezfoli. 2008. Constant agriculture. Mashhad University Publications. (In Persian).
Manivannan, P., C. Abdul Jaleel, Z. Chang-Xing, R. Somasundaram, M.M. Azooz, and R. Panneerselvam. 2008. Variations in growth and pigment composition of sunflower varieties under early season drought stress. Global Journal of Molecular Sciences. 3: 50-56.
Nasser, K.H., and B. El-Gizawy. 2009. Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on agronomicnitrogen efficiency and maize yields following wheat and faba bean. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 5: 378-386.
Pirasteh Anosheh, H., Y. Emam, and F. Jamali Ramin. 2011. Comparative effect of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) growth, yield and oil percentage in different drought stress levels. Journal of Agroecology. 2(3): 492-501. (In Persian).
Roshdi, M., H. Heidari Sharifabad, M. Karimi, G.H. Nourmohammadi, and F. Darvish. 2006. A srvey on the impact of water deficiency over the yield of sunflower seed cultivar and its components. Journal of Agricultural Science. 12(1): 109- 121.
Shokouhfar, A., and S. Khani. 2018. Investigation of combined effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of phosphorus and nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Journal of Plant Production Science. 8(2): 83-93. (In Persian).
Soleimanzadeh, H., D. Habibi, M.R. Ardakani, F. Paknejad, and F. Rejali. 2010. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ) to inoculation with azotobacter under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 7(3): 265-268.
Soleymani, F., and G. Ahmadvand. 2016. The effect of chemical, biological and organic nutritionaltreatments on sunflowers yield and yield components under water deficit stress. Journal of Agroecology. 8(1): 107-119.
Suzer, S. 2010. Effects of nitrogen and plant density on dwarf sunflower hybrids. Hellia. 33(53): 207-214.
Yousefpoor, Z., A.R. Yadavi, H.R. Balouchi, and H. Farajee. 2014. Evaluation of some physiological, morphologicaland phonological characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) influenced by biological and chemical sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Agroecology. 6(3): 508-519. (In Persian).
_||_Abbasi Seyahjani, E., F. Farhvash, H. Kazemi Arbat, and M.B. Khorshidi Benam. 2013. The effects of water deficit stress on some morphological characteristics and grain yield of armavirsky cultivar of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6(4): 353-364. (In Persian).
Ahmad abadi, Z., M. Ghajar sepanlo, and M.A. Bahmanyar. 2011. Effect of vermicompost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of Agriculture. 13(2): 1-12. (In Persian).
Bell, M.J., B. Harch, and G.C. Wright. 1991. Plant population studies on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) insubtropical Australia. I. Growth under fully irrigated conditions. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 31(4): 535-543.
Daneshian, J., and H. Jabbari. 2009. Effect of limited irrigation and plant density on morphologicalcharacteristics and grain yield in a dwarf sunflower hybrid (CMS26 × R103) as second crop. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 10(40): 377-388. (In Persian).
Daneshian, J., A. Jamshidi, A. Ghalavand, and S. Farrokhi. 2008. Determine the most suitable plant density and planting date for the new hybrid (CMS-26 * R-103) sunflower. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 10(1): 72-86. (In Persian).
Emam, Y. 2007. Cereal production. Shiraz University Press. 190 pp. (In Persian).
Emami Bistgani, Z., S.A. Siadat, A. Bakhshande, K.H. Alami Saeid, and GH.H. Shiresmaeili. 2012. Effect of plant density on yield and quality traits of four sunflower genotypes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 1-13. (In Persian).
Ferreira, A.M., and F.G. Abrue. 2001. Description of development, light interception and growth of sunflower at two sowing dates and two densities. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation in Agricultural and Bio-industries. 56: 369-384.
Fu, G.F., J. Song, J. Xiong, Y.R. Li, H.Z. Chen, M.K. Le, and L.X. Tao. 2011. Changes of oxidative stress and soluble sugar anthers involve in rice pollen abortion under drought stress. Agricultural Sciences in China. 10(7): 1016-1025.
Gholinezhad, E. 2014. Effect of water deficit stress, different rates of nitrogen and plant density on remobilization, current photosynthesis and grain yield in sunflower. Journal of Oil Plant Production. 1(1): 43-63. (In Persian).
Heydari, M., and V. Karami. 2013. Effects of water stress and different mycorrhiza species on yield and yield components, chlorophyll and biochemical components of sunflower. Journal of Environmental Stress on Crop Science. 6(1): 17-28. (In Persian).
Ibrahim, H.M. 2012. Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia. 4: 175–182.
Jabari, H., G. Akbari, A. Daneshian, J. Alah dadi, and I. Shahbazian. 2007. Effect of water deficit stress on agronomic characteristics of sunflower hybrids. Agriculture Research. 9(1): 13-22.
Khamari, S., K. Ghasemi, H. Alyari, and S. Zehtab Salmasi. 2007. The effect of irrigation on phenology and yield of three sunflower cultivars in Tabriz. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 14(6): 72-80.
Kocabas, I., M. Kaplan, M. Kurkcuoglu, and K.H.C. Baser. 2010. Effects of different organic manure applications on the essential oil components of Turkish sage (Salvia fruticosa mill). Asian Journal of Chemistry. 22(2): 1599-1605.
Koocheki, A., M. Hoseini, and A. Dezfoli. 2008. Constant agriculture. Mashhad University Publications. (In Persian).
Manivannan, P., C. Abdul Jaleel, Z. Chang-Xing, R. Somasundaram, M.M. Azooz, and R. Panneerselvam. 2008. Variations in growth and pigment composition of sunflower varieties under early season drought stress. Global Journal of Molecular Sciences. 3: 50-56.
Nasser, K.H., and B. El-Gizawy. 2009. Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on agronomicnitrogen efficiency and maize yields following wheat and faba bean. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 5: 378-386.
Pirasteh Anosheh, H., Y. Emam, and F. Jamali Ramin. 2011. Comparative effect of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) growth, yield and oil percentage in different drought stress levels. Journal of Agroecology. 2(3): 492-501. (In Persian).
Roshdi, M., H. Heidari Sharifabad, M. Karimi, G.H. Nourmohammadi, and F. Darvish. 2006. A srvey on the impact of water deficiency over the yield of sunflower seed cultivar and its components. Journal of Agricultural Science. 12(1): 109- 121.
Shokouhfar, A., and S. Khani. 2018. Investigation of combined effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of phosphorus and nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Journal of Plant Production Science. 8(2): 83-93. (In Persian).
Soleimanzadeh, H., D. Habibi, M.R. Ardakani, F. Paknejad, and F. Rejali. 2010. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ) to inoculation with azotobacter under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 7(3): 265-268.
Soleymani, F., and G. Ahmadvand. 2016. The effect of chemical, biological and organic nutritionaltreatments on sunflowers yield and yield components under water deficit stress. Journal of Agroecology. 8(1): 107-119.
Suzer, S. 2010. Effects of nitrogen and plant density on dwarf sunflower hybrids. Hellia. 33(53): 207-214.
Yousefpoor, Z., A.R. Yadavi, H.R. Balouchi, and H. Farajee. 2014. Evaluation of some physiological, morphologicaland phonological characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) influenced by biological and chemical sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Agroecology. 6(3): 508-519. (In Persian).