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Open Access Article
1 - Price Movement Influences the Major Coconut Products Production in Fiji
Divnesh Swamy Shamal Kumar William Kerua Owais Wani Natasha RajThe major coconut products produced in Fiji are copra and coconut oil. As a consequence, coconut oil is the only product now exported, and price fluctuations have a substantial impact. This study examines the changes in copra and coconut oil prices for Fiji from 2009 to MoreThe major coconut products produced in Fiji are copra and coconut oil. As a consequence, coconut oil is the only product now exported, and price fluctuations have a substantial impact. This study examines the changes in copra and coconut oil prices for Fiji from 2009 to 2019. The present study used secondary data for analysis. Copra pricing information was gathered from Fiji Copra Millers, and coconut oil price information was gathered from the website for palm oil analytics' crude coconut oil price. The price changes for trend, cyclical, seasonal, and irregular fluctuations were computed using a multiplicative model. Both the price of copra and the price of coconut oil displayed poor connections, R2= 0.39 and R2= 0.18, respectively, despite the years' considerable price volatility. The price of copra and coconut oil fluctuated significantly throughout the year and in distinctly diverse ways. Seasonality and erratic price fluctuations were particularly pronounced for coconut oil, which directly affected the price of copra and discouraged farmers from investing in coconut plants, lowering productivity, production, and copra supply. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Physio-Biochemical Changes of Some Pistachio Rootstocks in Response to Drought and Recovery Periods
Mohammad Hosein Shamshiri Mahboubeh Hoseini Mohammad Reza DehghaniThe reduction of water resources in pistachio production areas of Iran has led to an increase in the frequency of irrigation, so the pistachio trees are continuously exposed to periods of drought and recovery after irrigation during the growing season. Choosing rootstoc MoreThe reduction of water resources in pistachio production areas of Iran has led to an increase in the frequency of irrigation, so the pistachio trees are continuously exposed to periods of drought and recovery after irrigation during the growing season. Choosing rootstocks that have the highest resistance to drought stress and the highest recovery speed can be considered as one of the basic strategies for facing such conditions. This experiment was carried out as factorial and in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors were the type of rootstock in five levels and the sampling stage in three levels for destructive biochemical parameters and six levels for non-destructive chlorophyll fluoresce parameters. Drought stress was achieved by withholding irrigation for 15 days, and in the recovery phase, the pistachio seedlings were irrigated daily up to field capacity for 10 days. At the end of the experiment, shoot and root dry weights were measured. Evaluation of pistachio seedlings biomass showed that the periods of drought and recovery did not affect the dry weight of shoot and root and rootstock type was the only influencing factor. The highest amount of shoot and root dry weight was observed in lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus) and Bane-Baghi respectively, and the lowest amount was recorded in Bane and Sarakhs. Chlorophyll fluorescence indices were completely sensitive to drought stress and recovery. Dry period caused the measured biochemical parameters known as osmolytes to increase and the changes in these parameters were different in different rootstocks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Effects of Various Concentrations of IBA Hormone on Rooting of ‘TF92’; New Peach-Almond Hybrid under Ex- vivo and In - vitro Conditions
Ruhollah Haghi Ali Imani Ali Torkashvand Marzieh Ghanbari JahromiOne of the main problems of fruit cultivation, especially peaches and almonds, is the lack of the application of the existing clone rootstocks such as the promising hybrid of peaches and almonds and its unavailability due to its propagation in Iran. So the seedling root MoreOne of the main problems of fruit cultivation, especially peaches and almonds, is the lack of the application of the existing clone rootstocks such as the promising hybrid of peaches and almonds and its unavailability due to its propagation in Iran. So the seedling rootstocks are inevitably used. However these rootstocks cause many problems for the growers due to the lack of uniformity. In order to solve this problem, the effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid on the rooting of hardwood cuttings ‘TF92’ (promising hybrid of peach and almond) was tested in a private sector greenhouse in Karaj equipped with a heating pad during 2019. In this paper, the effect of 4 different levels of indole butyric acid hormone (IBA) 0, 1500, 2500 and 3500 parts per million in solution on hardwood cuttings was studied in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results showed that there was a significant difference between various concentrations of indole butyric acid in terms of the effect on the characteristics of the mode of investigation such as the percentage of rooting, the number of roots formed, the dry weight of the roots, the length of the roots and the length of the resulting branches in the cuttings. Thus the highest rooting percentage (78.45) was found in the indole butyric acid (IBA) hormone treatment with a concentration of 2500 mg L-1 compared to other treatments. Therefore, this method can be recommended as a suitable treatment for the rooting of wood cuttings of this promising emerging rootstock. Also, the highest percentage of rooted plantlets was obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 1 mg L-1 IBA. According to this study, the concentrations of 1 mg L-1 IBA results in the maximum rooting, and it has been suggested as a suitable hormone for in vitro rooting of ‘TF92’. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Application of Microwave-Assisted Method for Lutein Extraction from Pistachio Waste
Rama Ahmadi Masoud Honarvar Mehrdad Ghavami yousef DaaliLutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. Th MoreLutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. This study was conducted on the ‘Fandoghi’ variety from the Markazi province for pistachio hull lutein extraction and quantification. This study aimed to assess the lutein in pistachio hull and optimize its extraction protocol by new extraction methods with emphasis on microwave-assisted method (MAE). The powder from dried pistachio hulls obtained from fresh raw un-hulled pistachios was applied for further analysis. An experimental design based on the central composite design was applied for the extraction using the MAE method and extraction optimization. The lutein contents were quantitatively analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. According to the free form of lutein, Ethyl acetate was applied as an extraction solvent with the MAE method followed by the setting up of the extraction time, temperature, and solvent/sample ratio as variables. Under optimal experimental conditions corresponding to 5 min extraction time at 40°C, and 30 mg ml-1 of the solvent/sample ratio, the amount of lutein obtained from dried pistachio hull was 3.86 mg 100 g-1. The MAE method is a green, time-saving, and cost-effective method for lutein extraction from pistachio hull that can be suggested for lutein extraction from other plant materials and it can be applied in industrial scale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Physiological, Biochemical, and Developmental Responses of some Pistachio Genotypes under Drought Stress
Mostafa Ghasemi Shiva Ghasemi Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam Saeid Kashanizadeh Mansoore ShamiliPistachio is one of the economic nut fruits in Iran. Water limitation is the most restrictive factor for its production. To overcome the water scarcity crisis, introducing drought-tolerant rootstocks is among the crucial breeding strategies. To investigate the drought t MorePistachio is one of the economic nut fruits in Iran. Water limitation is the most restrictive factor for its production. To overcome the water scarcity crisis, introducing drought-tolerant rootstocks is among the crucial breeding strategies. To investigate the drought tolerance of five Qazvin native pistachio genotypes, an experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in the greenhouse conditions. The factors were pistachio genotypes (Madari, KalKhandan, Kalehbozi, Sefid, and Ghermez) and irrigation regime (normal conditions and drought stress). The highest relative water content under drought irrigation conditions belonged to the Sefid (59.99%), and Ghermez (59.09%) genotypes. The lowest value (54.68%) belonged to the Madari genotype. The highest electrolyte leakage under drought irrigation conditions belonged to the Madari genotype (55.75%). The lowest electrolyte leakage (42.44%) belonged to the Sefid genotype. Under drought stress, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (2.12 mg g-1 fresh weight), total chlorophyll (3.051 mg g-1 fresh weight), and carotenoid (2.38 mg g-1 fresh weight) was observed in Ghermez genotype. In contrast, the highest amount of chlorophyll b (1.34 mg g-1 fresh weight) was observed in the Sefid genotype. The lowest amounts of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the drought stress belonged to the Madari genotype. According to the results, the Ghermez and Sefid genotypes with lower electrolyte leakage and higher relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and biomass under water stress, were the more drought-tolerant genotypes. Madari and KalKhandan genotypes with higher electrolyte leakage and lower relative leaf water content, chlorophyll, and biomass were the most drought-sensitive genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Effect of Ascorbic Acid on the Formation of the Separator Layer of Walnut Fruit from the Pedicel and Acetylene Gas as Ethylene Synergism in Accelerating Fruit Ripening
Reza Khosravi Zanjani Majid Abdouss Sholeh KazemifardWith the aim of facilitating the harvest and accelerating the formation of the separator layer of the fruit with the peduncle, an experiment was conducted with ascorbic acid as one of the synergists of ethylene. This experiment was conducted in the form of randomized co MoreWith the aim of facilitating the harvest and accelerating the formation of the separator layer of the fruit with the peduncle, an experiment was conducted with ascorbic acid as one of the synergists of ethylene. This experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks in 3 replications and 8 treatments based on the concentration of ascorbic acid. The present study showed: a significant difference was observed between the design blocks. However, in statistical calculations, ascorbic acid did not show a significant effect on the separation of fruits, but according to observations, the use of ascorbic acid accelerated and increased the production of ethylene in the plant, so that at a concentration of 2500 ppm, the lowest force to separate the fruit from the branch we experienced. In other words, the direct use of ascorbic acid on the fruit-bearing branch with the appropriate concentration was not ineffective in facilitating the separation of the fruit from the tree, and it requires more repeated experiments. To facilitate the separation of mesocarp from endocarp, acetylene gas was used as one of the synergisms of ethylene. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 4 treatments based on acetylene concentration. This study showed that acetylene gas has a significant effect on the ease of walnut mesocarp separation by accelerating fruit ripening. As a result, by using this gas as an ethylene synergy, a higher percentage of quality nuts and walnut kernels with a bright color are obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Comparing Aerodynamic Terminal Velocity of Open and Closed Mouth Pistachio Nuts Using Wind Column
Kobra Heidarbeigi Sadegh SamadiDetermining the terminal velocity as one of the important aerodynamic properties of particles and grains is essential for pneumatic separation, grading, and handling. A wind tunnel system was used in the present research to measure the aerodynamic terminal velocity of p MoreDetermining the terminal velocity as one of the important aerodynamic properties of particles and grains is essential for pneumatic separation, grading, and handling. A wind tunnel system was used in the present research to measure the aerodynamic terminal velocity of pistachio nuts. Some physical properties were measured and calculated. The effects of pistachio mouth status at four levels (closed, open, and semi-open mouth, and shell) were investigated on its terminal velocity. The volume, mass and density of that were 1.33±0.37 cm3, 0.97±0.31 g and 0.72±0.18 g cm3-1, respectively. The average aerodynamic terminal velocity of pistachio was 9.43±1.38 m s-1. The aerodynamic terminal velocity of the pistachio had a direct relationship with the studied physical characteristics, except for density. The terminal velocity of open-mouth pistachio nuts (9.50±0.61 m s-1) was significantly lower than that of closed (10.12±0.51 m s-1) and semi-open mouth (10.16±0.62 m s-1) nuts, with the terminal velocity of the shells (6.51±0.65 m s-1) showing the lowest values. The results revealed that terminal velocity can be considered for pneumatic separation of shells from pistachio nuts as well as the separation of open-mouth nuts from closed-mouth ones. Manuscript profile
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