chewing

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1 - Physicochemical studies of Siberian pine (<i>Pinus sibirica</i>) derived chewing gum
Paula Carrión-Prieto Jesús Martín-Gil Ignacio A. Fernández-Coppel Norlan M. Ruíz-Potosme Pablo Martin-Ramos

In this work, ‘Siberian chewing gum’, a natural product derived from Pinus sibirica’s resin to which healing effects on mouth, stomach and duodenum chronic ulcers are attributed, has been characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform i چکیده کامل

In this work, ‘Siberian chewing gum’, a natural product derived from Pinus sibirica’s resin to which healing effects on mouth, stomach and duodenum chronic ulcers are attributed, has been characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermal analysis techniques. With regard to the vibrational spectrum, the band at 1693 cm-1, ascribed to ν(CO) terpenic oxo groups, suggests the presence of diterpenes, while the existence of hydroxystilbenes and their glycosides is consistent with the absorption bands in the 3380-3080 cm-1, 1800-1300 cm-1 and 1000-450 cm-1 regions. On the other hand, the thermal behavior of the Siberian chewing gum, elucidated by thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques, resembles that of arabinogalactan, albeit with a more delayed decomposition. پرونده مقاله

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2 - Effects of Thyme Essential Oil and Disodium Fumarate Alone or in Combination on Performance, Blood Metabolites, Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Communities in Holstein Dairy Cows
H. Baraz H. Jahani-Azizabadi O. Azizi

Nine Holstein dairy cows (630±50 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with repeated measures (two 21 d periods) to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate (DSF, 160 g/d), thyme essential oil (TEO, 9 mL/d) and simultaneous use of TEO and DSF (SIMTF چکیده کامل

Nine Holstein dairy cows (630±50 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with repeated measures (two 21 d periods) to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate (DSF, 160 g/d), thyme essential oil (TEO, 9 mL/d) and simultaneous use of TEO and DSF (SIMTF, 160 g/d DSF and 9 mL/d TEO) on performance, apparent digestibility, blood metabolites, rumen microbial communities and fermentation characteristics. Dry matter intake and apparent digestibility (except for TEO), milk production and composition were not affected by the treatments. Relative to the control (CON, no additive), organic matter apparent digestibility tended to decrease by TEO supplementation (578 vs. 599 g/kg). Serum urea nitrogen concentration was lower in TEO than CON (9.8 vs. 10.9 mg/dL). Also, DSF supplementation significantly increased the molar proportion of propionate and the glucogenic: non-glucogenic ratio of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and decreased the molar proportion of butyrate. Supplementation of DSF and SIMTF resulted in a significantly decrease in the acetate: propionate ratio. Relative to the CON, DSF and SIMTF supplementation significantly increased serum glucose concentration. TEO supplementation decreased rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen and increased large peptides and small peptides plus amino acid nitrogen concentration. Rumen total and cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa abundance were not affected by treatments (except for total bacteria that decreased by TEO). Results of the present study demonstrated that the simultaneous use of DSF and TEO relative to DSF alone could not have synergistic effects on performance, ruminal fermentation and serum metabolites of dairy cow. DSF can be used as a ruminal glucogenic precursor and resulted in an increase in the serum concentration of glucose in dairy cows. پرونده مقاله

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3 - Effects of Alfalfa Particle Size on Ensalivation Rate, Chewing Efficiency, and Functional Specific Gravity of Particulate Matter in Hereford Steers
ا. تیموری یانسری ر. ولی‌زاده ع. ناصریان د.آ. کریستنسن پ. یو

Six ruminally fistulated Hereford steers (body weight=414±13 kg) were used in a switch back design to determine whether two particle sizes of alfalfa hay (18.75 and 4.65 mm theoretical cut length) influenced salivary secretion during eating. The experiment carrie چکیده کامل

Six ruminally fistulated Hereford steers (body weight=414±13 kg) were used in a switch back design to determine whether two particle sizes of alfalfa hay (18.75 and 4.65 mm theoretical cut length) influenced salivary secretion during eating. The experiment carried out in two 26-d periods, with 11-d of adaptation to ration, followed by 5 d for determining the level of voluntary feed intake, 7-d for adaptation to feeding to 90% of voluntary feed intake, and 3-d for measurements. Saliva secretion was measured during the morning meal by rumen evacuation technique at 35 minute after feeding through the rumen fistula of each steer. Coarse and fine alfalfa had the same chemical composition. The geometric mean of coarse and fine alfalfa particles during the eating time decreased by 40.62 and 45.53%, respectively. Reduction of particle size increased the functional specific gravity of alfalfa hay and particulate matter. In addition, the gas associated with particles had similar trend to the functional specific gravity. Production of saliva in milliliters (P=0.001), per kg of dry matter intake (P<0.0001) and per each kilogram of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake (P<0.0001) were affected by alfalfa particle size. Saliva production was higher in coarse alfalfa treatment. Reduction of alfalfa particle size reduces the ability of alfalfa forage as a physically effective fiber source in feeding of ruminant by decreasing the ability to saliva secretion. پرونده مقاله

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4 - Use of Steam Treated Sugarcane Pith in the Diet of Finishing Calves as a Replacement for Low Grain Corn Silage
M. Chaji A.A. Naserian R. Valizadeh

The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of using steam treated sugarcane pith (STSP) as a substitute for part of the corn silage in the diet of finishing calves on performance, optimal use of available food sources, and probably reducing the cos چکیده کامل

The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of using steam treated sugarcane pith (STSP) as a substitute for part of the corn silage in the diet of finishing calves on performance, optimal use of available food sources, and probably reducing the costs of production. Twenty-four Holstein male calves with a mean weight of 195 kg and 5 months old were assigned to three treatments included: 1) control diet, 2) and 3) diets containing 6% and 12% STSP, respectively. The performance characteristics of calves including weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and digestibility of nutrients were measured. The final weight, total weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency were the same in all treatments (P>0.05). Consumption of nutrients, except ether extract, was not influenced by dietary treatments. The treatments caused no increase in digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P>0.05) and a significant increase in crude protein (P<0.05). The concentration of ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, and pH of rumen liquor, and blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by treatments. The chewing and rumination time adjusted for ADF intake was decreased in diets containing STSP (P<0.05). Therefore, the use of STSP as a replacement for part of corn silage in the diet of finishing calves did not have an adverse effect on performance and could be a proper alternative in the diet. پرونده مقاله

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5 - Impact of substituting sugar with date juice on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of uncoated chewing gum
Maryam Karimi Alireza Rahman

In contemporary confectionery industry, the manufacturing of dietary and low-calorie products, notably in the realm of chewing gum production, stands as a significant challenge. Sweeteners are integral components in confectionery products, with applications extending to چکیده کامل

In contemporary confectionery industry, the manufacturing of dietary and low-calorie products, notably in the realm of chewing gum production, stands as a significant challenge. Sweeteners are integral components in confectionery products, with applications extending to chewing gum as well. This research utilizes the established advantageous characteristics of dates to investigate the potential use of date juice as a replacement for sugar in the manufacturing of dietary gum. The substitution ratios tested in the experiment are 0%, 30%, 20%, and 10%. The findings of the experiment indicated that the gum supplemented with date juice at a substitution rate of 20% exhibited superior quality and shelf life, as evidenced by its enhanced moisture retention, texture, and sensory attributes, particularly taste. Conversely, a higher substitution rate of 30% led to a decline in both quality and sensory characteristics, with values falling below those of the control treatment. The study encompassed physicochemical and sensory examinations, encompassing the analysis of gum content, determination of reducing sugars following hydrolysis, measurement of ash content, assessment of texture, evaluation of sensory attributes, and investigation of colorimetric properties. The findings indicate that the quantity of gum and sugar obtained following the hydrolysis of the product was consistent across all experimental treatments, displaying no statistically significant variance compared to the control treatment. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the ash percentage index with higher levels of date juice replacement. The adhesion indices demonstrated a notable increase, while both chewability and springiness exhibited a decrease. پرونده مقاله

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