ارزیابی آلودگی ، بررسی ریسک سلامت و شاخص ریسک اکولوژیک عناصر بالقوه سمی در خاکهای سطحی(منطقه مورد مطالعه: بخش مرکزی شهرستان بندرعباس)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاریطاهره مقتدری 1 , شهلا محمودی 2 , عطا شاکری 3 , محمدحسن مسیح آبادی 4
1 - دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات
2 - دانشگاه نهران
3 - خوارزمی
4 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
کلید واژه: عناصر سمی, آلودگی خاک, ریسک سلامت انسان, شاخص ریسک اکولوژیک,
چکیده مقاله :
خاک در بخش جنوبی بندرعباس به‌دلیل وجود صنایع فلزی، غیرفلزی و پایانه صادراتی در معرض آلودگی عناصر بالقوه سمی قرار دارد. از این‌رو، تعیین سطح آلودگی و منشاء، ارزیابی شاخص ریسک اکولوژیک و همچنین ریسک سلامت برای تعیین کمّیت خطرات سرطان‌زایی و غیرسرطان‌زایی عناصر بالقوه سمی از اهداف اصلی این تحقیق است. بدین‌منظور تعداد 66 نمونه خاک جمع آوری و غلظت عناصر بالقوه سمی در آن‌ها اندازه‌گیری گردید و فاکتور غنی‌شدگی و تحلیل مؤلفه اصلی برای تعیین منشاء عناصر، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. پتانسیل شاخص ریسک اکولوژیک بر اساس فاکتور سمیت بیولوژیکی هر عنصر برای تعیین سطح آلودگی محاسبه شد. ارزیابی ریسک سلامت و شاخص خطر از روش ارائه شده توسط سازمان حفاظت محیط‌زیست آمریکا از سه طریق بلع، تنفس و جذب پوستی به‌دست آمد. یافته‌ها حاکی از این است که میانگین ضریب غنی‌شدگی در نمونه‌های خاک به ترتیب مس، کادمیم، سرب، روی، آرسنیک، نیکل و کروم کاهش می‌یابد. مقدار میانگین ریسک اکولوژیک به ترتیب نشان‌دهنده ریسک متوسط و زیاد برای عناصر مس و کادمیم است. مقدار کل نسبت خطر برای تمام عناصر انتخابی از طریق بلع، تنفس و جذب پوستی در کودکان بیش‌تر از بزرگسالان است. نتایج شاخص‌های ژئوشیمیایی و آماری نشان داد که کادمیم، سرب، آرسنیک، مس و روی از نظر منشاء، بیش‌تر تحت تأثیر فعالیت‌های انسانزاد قرار دارند. آرسنیک، کروم و کادمیم به-عنوان عناصری که سلامت انسان را به مخاطره می‌اندازند شناسایی شدند و ریسک سرطان‌زایی در محدوده قابل تحمل برای سلامت انسان به‌دست آمد.
Soils from the industrial areas in the south of Bandar Abbas County are susceptible to contamination by the export terminal, metal and non-metallic industries. In this research, the concentrations of selected potentially toxic elements in order to determine the contamination level, source and assessment of ecological risk index, also health risk assessment to determine the quantity of potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the elements in the soil of this area was investigated So that a total of 66 soil samples were collected. The Enrichment Factor (EF) and Ecological Risk Index were calculated to measure the contamination level. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the sources of heavy metals pollution, and also the health risk assessment was used in three ways: ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Results indicated that the average of EF for studied elements decreased in the order of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Ni and Cr. The mean value of the ecological risk of Cu and Cd indicates medium and high ecological risk, respectively. The Hazard index for all selected elements through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact in children is higher than that of adults. The results of EF and PCA indicate that the As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn have been affected by anthropogenic sources. As, Cr and Cd were regarded as the priority pollutants and Cancer risks in soils were within tolerable risk to human health.
Abrahim, G. 2005. Holocene sediments of Tamaki Estuary: Characterization and impact of recent human activity on an urban estuary in Auckland, New Zealand [dissertation]. Research Space at Auckland.
Abrahim, G. and Parker, R. 2008. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 136: 227-38.
Bakhtiari, B., Nekooamal Kermani, M. and Bordbar, M. 2013. Rain Gauge Station Network Design for Hormozgan Province in Iran. Desert, 18: 45-.25
Berlin, M. 1985. Hand book of the Toxicology of Metals. p. 376-405. V.2, 2nded ed. London: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
Cai, L., Xu, Z., Bao, P., He, M., Dou, L. and Chen, L. 2015. Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and source of arsenic and heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunde, Southeast China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 148: 189-.59
Chen, X., Lu, X., Li, L.Y. and Yang, G. 2013. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi’an second ring road, NW China. Environ Earth Science, 68:1979-.88.
Dang, Z., Liu, C. and Haigh, M.J. 2002. Mobility of heavy metals associated with the natural weathering of coal mine spoils. Environmental Pollution, 118: 419-.62
Dragović, S., Mihailović, N. and Gajić, B. 2008. Heavy metals in soils: distribution, relationship with soil characteristics and radionuclides and multivariate assessment of contamination sources. Chemosphere, 72: 491.59
Dragović, R., Gajić, B., Dragović, S., Đorđević, M., Đorđević, M. and Mihailović, N. 2014. Assessment of the impact of geographical factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around the steel production facility in Smederevo (Serbia). Journal of cleaner production, 84: 550-62.
Gallego, J.L., Ordóñez, A. and Loredo, J. 2002. Investigation of trace element sources from an industrialized area (Aviles, northern Spain) using multivariate statistical methods. Environment International, 27: 589-96.
Hakanson, L. 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sediment logical approach. Water research, 14: 975-1001.
Hernandez, L., Probst, A., Probst, J.L. and Ulrich, E. 2003. Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination. Science of the Total Environment, 312: 195-219.
Jones, DW. 1999. Exposure or absorption and the crucial question of limits for mercury. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 65: 42-46.
Kükrer, S., Şeker, S., Abacı, Z.T. and Kutlu, B. 2014. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of northern littoral zone of Lake Çıldır, Ardahan, Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 186: 3847-57.
Li, P., Lin, C., Cheng, H., Duan, X. and Lei, K. 2015. Contamination and health risks of soil heavy metals around a lead/zinc smelter in southwestern China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 113: 391-99.
Li, Z., Ma, Z., Kuijp, T.J., Yuan, Z. and Huang, L. 2014. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 468: 843-53.
Loska, K. and Wiechuła, D. 2003. Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir. Chemosphere, 51: 723-33.
Micó, C., Recatalá, L., Peris, M. and Sánchez, J. 2006. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere, 65: 863-72.
Qing, X., Yutong, Z. and Shenggao, L. 2015. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 120: 377-85.
Shakeri, A. and Moore, F. 2010. The impact of an industrial complex on freshly deposited sediments, Chener Rahdar river case study, Shiraz, Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 169: 321-34.
Sutherland, R. 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental geology, 39: 611-27.
Tijani, M.N., Okunlola, O.A. and Abimbola, A.F. 2006. Lithogenic concentrations of trace metals in soils and saprolites over crystalline basement rocks: A case study from SW Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences,46: 427-38.
USEPA. 1986. Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual. 540, pp. 1–86. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 20460 EPA, Washington, DC.
USEPA. 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). Vol.I; EPA/540/1-89/002. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
USEPA. 1993. Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments. Background Document 1A. Integrated risk information system (IRIS) Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
USEPA. 1997. Exposure Factors Handbook EPA/600/P-95/002F, Washington, DC.
USEPA. 2001. Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment. Vasquez Boulevard and I-70 superfund site Denver, Denver, CO. US Environmental Protection Agency.
Wei, X., Gao, B., Wang, P., Zhou, H. and Lu, J. 2015. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 112: 186-.29
Wu, S., Peng, S., Zhang, X., Wu, D., Luo, W. and Zhang, T. 2015. Levels and health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban soils in Dongguan. China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 148: 71-.87
Yu, S,. Zhu, Y. g. and Li, X. d. 2012. Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China. Science of the total environment, 421: 17-30.
Zhang, C., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, R., Mei, Y., Liao X, and Liu, Y. 2015. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in urban soils in Wuhan, Central China. Environ Monit Assess, 187:556.
Zhang, X., Yang, L., Li, Y., Li, H., Wang, W. and Ye, B. 2012. Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184: 2261-73.
Zhao, H., Xia, B., Fan, C,. Zhao, P. and Shen, S. 2012. Human health risk from soil heavy metal contamination under different land uses near Dabaoshan Mine, Southern China. Science of the Total Environment, 417: 4554.
Zheng, N,. Liu, J., Wang, Q. and Liang, Z. 2010. Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast of China. Science of the Total Environment, 408: 726-33.
_||_