اثر دور آبياري و محلولپاشي کود فسفر بر عملکرد و بهرهوري مصرف آب در گياه لوبيا
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری
علی عبدزادگوهری
1
*
,
عادل غدیری
2
,
سید علی غفاری نژاد
3
1 - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ، بخش آبياري و فيزيک خاک، موسسه تحقيقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزي، کرج، ايران
2 - بخش تحقيقات اصلاح و تهيه نهال و بذر، مركز تحقيقات و آموزش كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي استان مرکزي، سازمان تحقيقات،آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، اراک، ايران.
3 - استاديار، بخش تحقيقات حاصلخيزي خاک و تغذيه گياه، موسسه تحقيقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزي، کرج، ايران.
کلید واژه: تابع توليد, همبستگي, رگرسيون, آب مصرفي,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: کشاورزي بزرگترين مصرف کننده آب در سراسر جهان است که 70 درصد از کل منابع آب شيرين را استفاده ميکند. لوبيا معمولي (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) از حبوبات مهمي است که در بسياري از کشورها داراي اهميت اقتصادي فراواني ميباشد. لوبيا معمولي حدود نيمي از حبوبات مصرفي جهان را تشکيل ميدهد و در رژيم غذايي انسان، نقش اساسي در تامين پروتئين دارد. منابع آب يک عامل کمياب و محدود کننده براي گسترش کشت و توليدات گياهي در بسياري از مناطق خشک و نيمهخشک است. تحويل درست و کارآمد آب ميتواند بهافزايش عملکرد محصول و بهبود بهرهوري مصرف آب و کود کمک کند. بهبود بهرهوري آب بدون هيچگونه کاهشي در محصول براي برآوردن امنيت غذايي در حال و آينده، از موضوعات بسيار مهم بهحساب ميآيد که ممکن است بهکاهش مصرف آب، کاهش تلفات آب آبياري و افزايش سطح زيرکشت کمک کند. فسفر يکي از ضروريترين مواد مغذي در رشد گياه است و يک عنصر حياتي از ترکيبات بيولوژيکي مانند اسيدهاي نوکلئيک، نوکلئوتيدها، فسفوليپيدها و فسفو پروتئينها است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثرات مديريت دور آبياري و سطوح مختلف کود فسفر بر عملکرد، بهرهوري مصرف آب و تخمين عملکرد توليد در بوته‌هاي لوبيا استان گيلان انجام شد.
روش پژوهش: اين تحقيق در استان گيلان و در شهرستان آستانهاشرفيه با عرض جغرافيايي 37 درجه و 25 دقيقه، طول جغرافيايي 49 درجه و 94 دقيقه و ميانگين ارتفاع 5- متر از سطح دريا بهصورت آزمايشي کرتهاي خرد شده در طرح بلوک‌هاي کامل تصادفي در سه تکرار در سال‌هاي زراعي 1401 و 1402 انجام شد. مديريت آبياري شامل بدون آبياري و آبياري با فواصل 6، 12 و 18 روز بهعنوان فاکتور اصلي و محلولپاشي کود فسفر (P2O5 بهميزان 50 درصد) شامل 0، 1، 2 و 3 ليتر در هزار ليتر آب به عنوان عامل ثانويه در فواصل 10 روز در نظر گرفته شد.
يافتهها: اثر فواصل آبياري و کود فسفر و اثر متقابل آنها در سطح 1 درصد بر عملکرد زيستتوده، غلاف و دانه معنيدار بود و بيشترين عملکرد زيستتوده، غلاف و دانه در دور آبياري 6 روز و تيمار کودي 1 ليتر در هزار ليتر آب بهترتيب با ميانگين 11996، 6518 و 2809 کيلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. بيشترين بهرهوري مصرف آب مبتني بر عملکرد دانه با ميانگين 53/0 کيلوگرم بر متر مکعب در شرايط بدونآبياري و تيمار کودي 1 ليتر بود. بيشترين درصد آب نسبي برگ با ميانگين 4/85 درصد در شرايط آبياري 6 روز و تيمار کودي 1 ليتر فسفر در هزار ليتر آب بود.
نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج مطالعه نشان داد که استفاده از مقادير مناسب فسفر و فواصل آبياري که بر اساس نياز محصول تعيين ميشود، براي دستيابي به حداکثر عملکرد در لوبيا و به حداقل رساندن هزينه‌هاي قابل اجتناب و اثرات منفي کم‌آبي بسيار مهم است. ضرايب همبستگي ساده صفات زراعي نشان داد که عملکرد زيستتوده صفات، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته و وزن 100 دانه با عملکرد دانه همبستگي مثبت و معني‌داري داشتند. نتايج رگرسيون گام بهگام بين عملکرد دانه و ساير صفات زراعي در لوبيا نشان داد که عملکرد غلاف، تعداد غلاف در بوته، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد زيستتوده و عمق ريشه تأثيرگذارترين صفات بودند که در سال‌هاي 1401 و 1402 بهترتيب 7/98 و 6/98 درصد از تغييرات دادهها را تبيين کردند. به طور کلي کشت لوبيا معمولي با فاصله آبياري 6 روز و مصرف 1 ليتر کود فسفر در هزار ليتر آب براي منطقه مورد مطالعه توصيه ميشود.
Background and Aim: Agriculture is the largest consumer of water worldwide, using 70% of all freshwater resources. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume that is of great economic importance in many countries. Common beans constitute about half of the world's consumed legumes and play a major role in providing protein in the human diet. Water resources are a scarce and limiting factor for the expansion of crop cultivation and production in many arid and semi-arid regions. Proper and efficient water delivery can help increase crop yield and improve water and fertilizer use efficiency. Improving water use productivity without any reduction in yield is considered a very important issue to meet current and future food security, which may help reduce water use, reduce irrigation water losses, and increase cultivated area. Phosphorus is one of the most essential nutrients in plant growth and is a vital element of biological compounds such as nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, and phosphoproteins. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of irrigation interval management and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on yield, water use efficiency, and production function estimation in bean plants in Guilan province.
Method: This research was conducted in Gilan province and in Astaneh-Ashrafiyeh county with latitude 37 degrees and 25 minutes, longitude 49 degrees and 94 minutes and average altitude -5 meters above sea level as a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop years 2022 and 2023. Irrigation management included without irrigation and irrigation at intervals of 6, 12, and 18 days as the main factor and foliar application of phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5 at 50%) at 0, 1, 2, and 3 liters per thousand liters of water as the secondary factor; which was considered at intervals of 10 days.
Results: The effect of irrigation intervals and phosphorus fertilizer and their interaction at the 1% level on biomass, pod and seed yield was significant, and the highest biomass, pod and seed yield was obtained in the 6-day irrigation interval and 1 liter fertilizer treatment per thousand liters of water with an average of 11996, 6518 and 2809 kg/ha, respectively. The highest water use productivity based on seed yield was 0.53 kg/m3 in the without irrigation condition and 1 liter fertilizer treatment. The highest relative leaf water content was 85.4 percent in the 6-day irrigation condition and 1 liter phosphorus fertilizer treatment per thousand liters of water.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that using appropriate amounts of phosphorus and irrigation intervals determined based on crop requirements are very important for achieving maximum yield in beans and minimizing avoidable costs and negative effects of water shortage. Simple correlation coefficients of agronomic traits showed that biomass yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight had a positive and significant correlation with seed yield. The results of stepwise regression between seed yield and other agronomic traits in beans showed that pod yield, number of pods per plant, harvest index, biomass yield, and root depth were the most effective traits, explaining 98.7 and 98.6 percent of the data changes in 1401 and 1402, respectively.
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