مروری بر روان شدگی خاک دانه ای ناشی از نشت لوله های آب
سیدحمید علوی
1
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گروه مهندسی عمران آب و سازه‌های هیدرولیکی، دانشکده عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
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مسعود قدسیان
2
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گروه مهندسی عمران آب و سازه‌های هیدرولیکی، دانشکده عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
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کلید واژه: روان شدگی خاک دانه ای, نشت آب, تراوش, شبکه آب رسانی,
چکیده مقاله :
جریان متمرکز نشت لوله های آب شهری باعث روانشدگی خاک دانه ای می شود. روانشدگی خاک به راههای مختلف می تواند به زیرساخت های سامانه های آب و ناحیه اطراف آن آسیب وارد کند. مطالعات بسیاری درباره روانشدگی ذرات دانه ای ناشی از جریان سیال در علوم مختلف از جمله مهندسی عمران انجام شده است. هدف این پژوهش، مطالعه ای جامع درباره مبانی جریان سیال از روزنه ها و همچنین خاک دانه ای است که به طور خاص به روانشدگی خاک ناشی از نشت لوله های آب شهری می پردازد. این پژوهش مواردی مانند جریان از طریق مصالح دانه ای، جریان از طریق روزنه ها، و جریان ترکیبی از طریق روزنه و تراوش در خاک، خرابی لوله ها ناشی از روانشدگی؛ شروع روانشدگی، مطالعات در زمینه روانشدگی و نقد آنها، و جمع بندی و پیشنهادهای پژوهشی را پوشش می دهد. یافته‌های مروری حاضر نشان می‌دهد که نشت متمرکز نه‌تنها تابع هد هیدرولیکی است، بلکه به مشخصات هندسی روزنه، دانه بندی خاک، فشار داخلی لوله و دمای سیال نیز وابسته است. شروع روانشدگی تحت عوامل دیگری مانند چسبندگی ذرات خاک و شکل آنها قرار می گیرد و نیاز به انرژی بیشتری برای فعالسازی نیاز دارد. مطالعات بیانگر آن هستند که با افزایش فشار، ناحیه روانشدگی به‌صورت عمودی و جانبی گسترش یافته و می‌تواند به ایجاد فروچاله و یا آسیب به تاسیسات پیرامونی بیانجامد. خاک‌های درشتدانه با تخلخل کمتر و سربار بیشتر، دچار روانشدگی کمتر می شوند. پیشگیری مؤثر با طراحی و اجرای صحیح خطوط لوله آغاز می‌شود. در طراحی خطوط لوله انتخاب مسیر، تحلیل تنش لوله و انتخاب مصالح پرکننده نقش کلیدی دارد. اندرکنش همزمان جریان از روزنه روی لوله و تراوش در خاک، لزوم توسعه مدل‌های آزمایشگاهی و عددی سه‌بعدی را دوچندان می‌کند. در پایان، تحقیق بر روی تأثیر فاصله بین دو روزنه و تغییر قطر لوله‌های نشتی به‌عنوان خلأ پژوهشی توصیه می‌شود.
چکیده انگلیسی :
The concentrated leakage flow from urban water supply pipes can lead to the fluidization of granular soils, which may cause significant damage to water infrastructure and surrounding areas. Numerous studies across various scientific disciplines, including civil engineering, have examined the fluidization of granular particles due to fluid flow. This review provides a comprehensive investigation of fluid flow through orifices and granular soils, with a particular focus on soil fluidization resulting from leakage in buried urban water pipelines. The covered topics include: flow through granular materials; flow through orifices; combined orifice and seepage flow in soils; pipe failure due to fluidization; fluidization initiation; existing studies and critiques; and conclusions with research suggestions. The review findings reveal that concentrated leakage is influenced not only by hydraulic head, but also by orifice geometry, soil gradation, pipe pressure, and fluid temperature. Studies indicate that increased internal pressure expands the fluidized zone both vertically and laterally, potentially leading to sinkholes. Coarse soils with lower porosity and higher surcharge exhibit less susceptibility to fluidization. The simultaneous interaction between orifice flow and seepage in soils highlights the need for advanced three-dimensional experimental and numerical models. Finally, future research is recommended on the effects of orifice spacing and pipe diameter changes, which remain underexplored.
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