Optimization techniques and microgrid control strategies based on renewable energy sources
Subject Areas : Renewable energies and Smart grids
1 - دانشجو
Keywords: hybrid microgrids, renewable energy source, power quality, optimization techniques, control strategies,
Abstract :
Microgrids (MGs) play a pivotal role in seamlessly integrating Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) into the electrical grid, offering enhanced efficiency, reduced transmission losses, and economic benefits. However, the intermittent nature of RESs due to the stochastic availability of renewable resources introduces challenges to power quality across the grid. Addressing these challenges necessitates the application of optimization techniques and control strategies to power converters. This comprehensive review delves into three crucial dimensions: (i) The powerquality issues arising in MGs during both islanded and grid-connected operations; (ii) Optimization techniques employed within MGs to achieve optimal Energy Management System (EMS) performance; and (iii) Control strategies executed in MGs to ensure stability, mitigate power-quality concerns, achieve power balance, and synchronize with the grid. Significantly, this paper underscores the significance of hybrid MGs (HMGs), which amalgamate the strengths of AC–MGs and DC–MGs to enhance system reliability. As the utility grid gravitates towards refined MG structures, this review lays the groundwork for forthcoming research, comparative evaluations, and the advancement of pioneering techniques in the realm of HMGs.
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on Hybrid Renewable Energy System Operations and Planning. IEEE Access 2020, 8,
75313–75346.
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Management Architecture for Smart Hybrid Microgrids Considering PEM-Fuel Cell
and Electric Vehicles. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 47807–47823.
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air source heat pump and battery energy storage system in microgrid. Renew. Energy
2016, 95, 202–212.
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Management in Microgrids. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2020, 16, 2125–2133.
[5].Yoldas, Y.; Önen, A.; Muyeen, S.M.; Vasilakos, A.V.; Alan, I. Enhancing Smart Grid
with Microgrids: Challenges and Opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017,
72, 205–214.
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Practical Implementations and Operation. Appl. Energy 2020, 258, 114039.
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Drivers, and Outstanding Issues. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 90, 402–411.
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microgrid. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 71, 814–819.
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frequency restoration in islanded AC microgrids. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2016, 63,
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2017, 8, 296–304.[12]. Mohamad, A.M.E.I.; Mohamed, Y.A.R.I. Investigation and assessment of
stabilization solutions for DC microgrid with dynamic loads. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
2019, 10, 5735–5747.
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involving energy storage and pulsed loads. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2017, 53, 567–575.
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energy integrated system using unified power quality conditioner. Int. J. Power
Electron. Drive Syst. 2017, 8, 1424.
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1055.
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overview. Energy Procedia 2017, 107, 94–100.
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Energy Rev. 2016, 64, 174–186.
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enhancement of power quality in micro grid applications. Int. J. Power Electron. Drive
Syst. 2017, 8, 1408–1415.
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fluctuation mitigation of microgrid using STATCOM. In Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd
International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan, 3–7 June 2017; pp. 1215–1219.
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using fuzzy logic-based DVR. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2018, 13, 9746–9751.
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Electr. Syst. 2017, 28, 114–122.
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integration requirements. Electronics 2020, 9, 366.
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conditioner for voltage sag/swell mitigation in microgrid. In Proceedings of the
Biennial International Conference on Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable
Energy (PESTSE), Bengaluru, India, 21–23 January 2016; pp. 1–6.
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In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids
(ICDCM), Atlanta, GA, USA, 7–10 June 2015; pp. 113–118.
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Linton, E.; Hurtado, H.; Roy, J. CERTS microgrid laboratory test bed. IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv. 2022, 26, 325–332.
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classification of topologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 1251–1259.
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control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids—A general approach toward
standardization. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2022, 58, 158–172.
[31]. Gao, Y.; Ai, Q. Distributed cooperative optimal control architecture for AC
microgrid with renewable generation and storage. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.
2018, 96, 324–334.
[32]. Vega, A.M.; Santamaria, F.; Rivas, E. Modeling for home electric energy
management: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 948–959.
[33]. Bevrani, H.; François, B.; Ise, T. Microgrid Dynamics and Modeling; John Wiley &
Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017.
[34]. Dimarzio, G.; Angelini, L.; Price, W.; Chin, C.; Harris, S. The stillwater triple
hybrid power plant: Integrating geothermal, solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power
generation. In Proceedings of the Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015,
Melbourne, Australia, 9–25 April 2015; pp. 1–5.
[35]. Franco, A.A. Rechargeable Lithium Batteries: From Fundamentals to Application;
Woodhead Publishing Elsevier Ltd.: Cambridge, UK, 2015.
[36]. Hallam, C.R.A.; Alarco, L.; Karau, G.; Flannery, W.; Leffel, A. Hybrid closed-loop
renewable energy systems: El Hierro as a model case for discrete power systems. In
Proceedings of the 2012 Proceedings of PICMET ‘12: Technology Management for
Emerging Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 29 July–2 August 2012; pp. 2957–
2969.
[37]. Ji, P.; Zhou, X.X.; Wu, S. Review on sustainable development of island microgrid.
In Proceedings of the APAP 2022—Proceedings: 2022 International Conference on
Advanced Power System Automation and Protection, Beijing, China, 16–20 October
2022; Volume 3, pp. 1806–1813.
[38]. Galleguillos-Pozo, R.; Domenech, B.; Ferrer-Martí, L.; Pastor, R. Balancing cost
and demand in electricity access projects: Case studies in Ecuador, Mexico and Peru.
Mathematics 2022, 10, 1995.[39]. Piesciorovsky, E.C.; Smith, T.; Ollis, T.B. Protection schemes used in North
America microgrids. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2020, 30, 12461.
[40]. Liu, G.; Li, Z.; Xue, Y.; Tomsovic, K. Microgrid assisted design for remote areas.
Energies 2022, 15, 3725.
[41]. Gordillo, C.; Martínez, J.; Rodríguez, E.; Arau, J.; Capilla, A. Experimental 1 kW
DC Micro-Grid based on PV Systems: Strategy based on NI LabVIEW Platform. IEEE
Lat. Am. Trans. 2018, 16, 2625–2633.
[42]. Rey, J.M.; Vera, G.A.; Acevedo-Rueda, P.; Solano, J.; Mantilla, M.A.; Llanos, J.;
Sáez, D. A review of microgrids in Latin America: Laboratories and Test Systems.
IEEE Lat. Am. Trans. 2022, 20, 1000–1011.
[43]. Gao, D.W.; Muljadi, E.; Tian, T.; Miller, M.; Wang, W. Comparison of Standards
and Technical Requirements of Grid-Connected Wind Power Plants in China and the
United States; Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-64225; National Renewable Energy
Lab.: Golden, CO, USA, 2016.
[44]. García-Vera, Y.E.; Dufo-López, R.; Bernal-Agustín, J.L. Optimization of Isolated
Hybrid Microgrids with Renewable Energy Based on Different Battery Models and
Technologies. Energies 2020, 13, 581.
[45]. Nejabatkhah, F.; Li, Y.W. Overview of Power Management Strategies of Hybrid
AC/DC Microgrid. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2015, 30, 7072–7089.
[46]. Malik, S.M.; Sun, Y.; Ai, X.; Chen, Z.; Wang, K. Cost-Based Droop Scheme for
Converters in Interconnected Hybrid Microgrids. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 82266–82276.
[47]. Alsiraji, H.A.; El-Shatshat, R. Serious Operation Issues and Challenges Related to
Multiple Interlinking Converters Interfacing a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid. In
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical Computer
Engineering (CCECE), Quebec City, QC, Canada, 13–16 May 2018; pp. 1–5.
[48]. Kow, K.W.; Wong, Y.W.; Rajkumar, R.K. Power quality analysis for PV grid
connected system using PSCAD/EMTDC. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 2015, 5, 121–
132.
[49]. Hossain, M.A.; Pota, H.R.; Hossain, M.J.; Blaabjerg, F. Evolution of Microgrids
with Converter-Interfaced Generations: Challenges and Opportunities. Int. J. Electr.
Power Energy Syst. 2019, 109, 160–186.
[50]. Hu, W.X.; Xiao, X.Y.; Zheng, Z.X. Voltage sag/swell waveform analysis method
based on multidimension characterization. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2020, 14, 486–
493.
[51]. Zheng, F.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, Y.; Guo, M. Low voltage ride through
capability improvement of microgrid using a hybrid coordination control strategy. J.
Renew. Sustain. Energy 2019, 11, 034102.
[52]. Kim, Y.J. Development and analysis of a sensitivity matrix of a three–phase voltage
unbalance factor. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2018, 33, 3192–3195.[53]. Savaghebi, M.; Jalilian, A.; Vasquez, J.C.; Guerrero, J.M. Secondary control
scheme for voltage unbalance compensation in an islanded droop controlled microgrid.
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012, 3, 797–807.
[54]. GB/T 19964; Technical Rule for PV Power Station Connected to Power Grid, China
Enterprise Standards, Technical Report. State Grid Corporation of China: Beijing,
China, 2012.
[55]. Wu, Y.K.; Lin, J.H.; Lin, H.J. Standards and guidelines for grid–connected
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