Experimental Investigation of the Magnetic Field Effect Using Fe3O4 Ferrofluid and the Study of the Ultrasonic Phenomenon in Solar Water Desalination Efficiency

Subject Areas : Renewable Energies Modeling

hamidreza goshayeshi ¹ (Department of mechanical engineering, mashhad branch, azad university. mashhad,iran)
kimya samadi ² (Department of Mechanics, Faculty of engineering, Islamic azad university,Mashhad,Iran)
Vahid Nejati ³ (دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی مشهد)
Reza Saleh ⁴ (Associate Professor, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, IRAN)
Issa Chaer ⁵ (The School of Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, London, United Kingdom)

Received: 2024-04-26 Accepted : 2024-07-10 Published : 2024-07-31

Keywords: Solar desalination, 𝐹e3𝑂4 nanofluid, magnetic field, ultrasonic phenomenon, solenoid,

Abstract :

The global scarcity of potable water remains a pressing human challenge, given that 97% of the Earth's water is saline. Therefore, solar desalination that uses cheap solar energy is the best way to prepare fresh water. This study employs a solar desalination apparatus featuring 28 steps, with dimensions of 30 mm in height, 110 mm in width, and 840 mm in length. The present work was conducted to improve and increase this device's efficiency and water output by examining magnetic field impact using 𝐹e3𝑂4 ferrofluid. Also, the ultrasonic phenomenon's effect to increase the device's efficiency is carried out. To increase the daily production rate of fresh water, the mentioned device has been tested and optimized in various configurations including 1) Simple configuration, 2) incorporating magnetic filing sheets, 3) utilizing two solenoids at different turns of 275 and 1000, 4) employing 𝐹e3𝑂4 nanofluid, 5) with 𝐹e3𝑂4 nanofluid and magnetic filing sheets, 6) with 𝐹e3𝑂4 nanofluid, solenoids at different turns of 275 and 1000, 7) involving the ultrasonic phenomenon, 8) utilizing 𝐹e3𝑂4 (Iron (III) Oxide ) nanofluid, solenoids, and ultrasonic phenomenon, experimentally tested and optimized. After examining the results, it was found that mode 8, which includes the combined effect of 𝐹e3𝑂4 nanofluid, solenoid, and ultrasonic phenomenon, had the highest water production rate compared to the simple mode and it could be a cost-effective choice. The device's efficiency from 55.2% in mode 1 has reached 63.4%,72.9%,74.3%,80.2%,87.5% respectively in mode 2,3,5,6, 8 and the basin temperature has reached the highest value of 66.8°𝐶𝐶 at 2 PM in mode 8. According to the test results, it could be concluded that the use of sonicated water with 𝐹e3𝑂4 Ferrofluid under magnetic field effect has led to a significant increase in the device efficiency.

References:

[1]Mandev, E., Muratçobanoğlu, B., Manay, E., & Şahin, B. (2024). Desalination performance evaluation of a solar still enhanced by thermoelectric modules. Solar Energy, 268, 112325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112325
[2] Toosi, S. S. A., Goshayeshi, H. R., Zahmatkesh, I., & Nejati, V. (2023). Experimental assessment of new designed stepped solar still with 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝑂𝑂4+ graphene oxide+ paraffin as nanofluid under constant magnetic field. Journal of Energy Storage, 62, 106795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.106795
[3] Assari, M. R., Esfandeh, E., & Baharvand, R. (2022). Experimental investigation of effect of using sand on the performance of solar still. Journal of Renewable and New Energy, 9(1), 87-93. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.24234931.1401.9.1.9.0
[4] Abdullah, A., Essa, F. A., Panchal, H., Alawee, W. H., & Elsheikh, A. H. (2023). Enhancing the performance of tubular solar stills for water purification: a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of methodologies and materials. Results in Engineering, 101722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101722
[5] Toosi, S. S. A., Goshayeshi, H. R., & Heris, S. Z. (2021). Experimental investigation of stepped solar still with phase change material and external condenser. Journal of Energy Storage, 40, 102681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102681
[6] Goshayeshi, H. R., & Safaei, M. R. (2020). Effect of absorber plate surface shape and glass cover inclination angle on the performance of a passive solar still. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, 30(6), 3183-3198. https://doi.org/10.1108/HFF-01-2019-0018
[7] Mohammad Reza, S., Hamid Reza, G., & Chaer, I. (2019). Solar still efficiency enhancement by using graphene oxide/paraffin composite. Energies, 12(10), 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12102002
[8] Abdelamir, H. S., Hachim, D. M., & Al-Shamani, A. N. (2024). Review study the maximum productivity of all types of solar still with and without modification. AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0191752
[9] Chauhan, R., Dumka, P., & Mishra, D. R. (2022). Experimental evaluation and development of artificial neural network model for the solar stills augmented with the permanent magnet and sandbag. Journal of Advanced Thermal Science Research, 9, 9-23. https://doi.org/10.15377/2409-5826.2022.09.2
[10] Abdel-Aziz, E. A., Mansour, T. M., Dawood, M. M. K., Ismail, T. M., & Ramzy, K. (2023). Exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic evaluations of conventional solar still using PCM and electric heater powered by solar energy: an experimental study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(24), 66135-66156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26761-4
[11] Goshayeshi, H. R., Chaer, I., Yebiyo, M., & Öztop, H. F. (2022). Experimental investigation on semicircular, triangular and rectangular shaped absorber of solar still with nano-based PCM. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10728-z
[12] Alawee, W. H., A Hammoodi, K., Dhahad, H. A., Omara, Z., Essa, F. A., Abdullah, A., & Amro, M. I. (2023). Effects of magnetic field on the performance of solar distillers: a review study. Engineering and Technology Journal, 41(1), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2022.134576.1240
[13] Wu, S., & Zhang, F. (2006). Effects of magnetic field on evaporation of distilled water. Abstracts of papers of the American Chemical Society (Vol. 232, pp. 954-954). 1155 16TH ST, NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA: Amer Chemical Soc.
[14] Amor, H. B., Elaoud, A., Salah, N. B., & Elmoueddeb, K. (2017). Effect of magnetic treatment on surface tension and water evaporation. Int. J. Adv. Ind. Eng, 5, 119-124. http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.14741/Ijae/5.3.4
[15] Goharkhah, M., & Ashjaee, M. (2014). Effect of an alternating nonuniform magnetic field on ferrofluid flow and heat transfer in a channel. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 362, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.03.025
17
[16] Al-Hilphy, A. R. S. (2013). Development of Basin Solar Stillby Adding Magnetic Treatment Unit and Double Glass Cover Provided with Water. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(3), 286-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2013.286.296
[17] Dubey, M., & Mishra, D. R. (2020). Thermo-exergo-economic analysis of double slope solar still augmented with ferrite ring magnets and GI sheet. Desalination and Water Treatment, 198, 19-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25947
[18] Dhivagar, R., Mohanraj, M., Raj, P., & Gopidesi, R. K. (2021). Thermodynamic analysis of single slope solar still using graphite plates and block magnets at seasonal climatic conditions. Water Science and Technology, 84(10-11), 2635-2651. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.156
[19] Mehdizadeh Youshanlouei, M., Yekani Motlagh, S., & Soltanipour, H. (2021). The effect of magnetic field on the performance improvement of a conventional solar still: a numerical study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 31778-31791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12947-1
[20] Dhivagar, R., Shoeibi, S., Kargarsharifabad, H., Ahmadi, M. H., & Sharifpur, M. (2022). Performance enhancement of a solar still using magnetic powder as an energy storage medium‐exergy and environmental analysis. Energy Science & Engineering, 10(8), 3154-3166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1210
[21] Abed, A. H., Hoshi, H. A., & Jabal, M. H. (2021). Experimental investigation of modified solar still coupled with high-frequency ultrasonic vaporizer and phase change material capsules. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28, 101531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101531
[22] Banakar, V. V., Sabnis, S. S., Gogate, P. R., & Raha, A. (2020). Improvements in heat transfer in thermal desalination operation based on removal of salts using ultrasound pretreatment. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 69, 105251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105251
[23] Khooshehchin, M., Ghotbinasab, S., & Mohammadidoust, A. (2021). Experimental study of the effects of ultrasonic waves on surface sediments in pool boiling. Modares Mechanical Engineering, 21(5), 315-326. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.10275940.1400.21.5.1.7.
[24] Alwan, N. T., Ahmed, A. S., Majeed, M. H., Shcheklein, S. E., Yaqoob, S. J., Nayyar, A., Nam, Y., & Abouhawwash, M. (2022). Enhancement of the Evaporation and Condensation Processes of a Solar Still with an Ultrasound Cotton Tent and a Thermoelectric Cooling Chamber. Electronics, 11(2), 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020284
[25] Abd Elbar, A. R., & Hassan, H. (2020). An experimental work on the performance of new integration of photovoltaic panel with solar still in semi-arid climate conditions. Renewable Energy, 146, 1429-1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.069
[26] Mahian, O., Kianifar, A., Heris, S. Z., Wen, D., Sahin, A. Z., & Wongwises, S. (2017). Nanofluids effects on the evaporation rate in a solar still equipped with a heat exchanger. Nano energy, 36, 134-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.025
[27] Navas, J., Sánchez-Coronilla, A., Martín, E. I., Teruel, M., Gallardo, J. J., Aguilar, T., Gómez-Villarejo, R., Alcántara, R., Fernández-Lorenzo, C., & Piñero, J. C. (2016). On the enhancement of heat transfer fluid for concentrating solar power using Cu and Ni nanofluids: An experimental and molecular dynamics study. Nano energy, 27, 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.07.004
[28] Ni, G., Miljkovic, N., Ghasemi, H., Huang, X., Boriskina, S. V., Lin, C.-T., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Rahman, M. M., & Zhang, T. (2015). Volumetric solar heating of nanofluids for direct vapor generation. Nano energy, 17, 290-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.08.021
[29] Jin, H., Lin, G., Bai, L., Zeiny, A., & Wen, D. (2016). Steam generation in a nanoparticle-based solar receiver. Nano energy, 28, 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.08.011
[30] Milanese, M., Colangelo, G., Iacobazzi, F., & de Risi, A. (2017). Modeling of double-loop fluidized bed solar reactor for efficient thermochemical fuel production. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 160, 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.10.028
[31] Mahian, O., Kianifar, A., Kalogirou, S. A., Pop, I., & Wongwises, S. (2013). A review of the applications of nanofluids in solar energy. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 57(2), 582-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.10.037
18
[32] Mahian, O., Kianifar, A., Sahin, A. Z., & Wongwises, S. (2014). Entropy generation during Al2O3/water nanofluid flow in a solar collector: Effects of tube roughness, nanoparticle size, and different thermophysical models. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 78, 64-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.051
[33] Durrani, Hosseini, Sardashti, & Shahraki. (2021). Investigating the effect of salt water depth in stepped solar desalination using Comsol software. Journal of separation science and engineering, 12(2), 58-70. https://doi.org/10.22103/jsse.2021.2770
[34] Lathiya, P., & Wang, J. (2022). Magnetite Nanoparticles (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3 𝑂𝑂4) for Radio-Frequency and Microwave Applications. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles [Working Title]; Intech Open: Rijeka, Croatia. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104930
[35] Fadaei, F., Shahrokhi, M., Dehkordi, A. M., & Abbasi, Z. (2017). Heat transfer enhancement of 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝑂𝑂4 ferrofluids in the presence of magnetic field. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 429, 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.01.046
[36] Bezaatpour, M., & Goharkhah, M. (2019). Effect of magnetic field on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer of magnetite ferrofluid flow in a porous fin heat sink. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 476, 506-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.01.028
[37] Ashjaee, M., Goharkhah, M., Khadem, L. A., & Ahmadi, R. (2015). Effect of magnetic field on the forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop of a magnetic nanofluid in a miniature heat sink. Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, 953-964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00231-014-1467-1
[38] Wang, Q., Qin, Y., Jia, F., Song, S., & Li, Y. (2022). Recyclable 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝑂𝑂4@ Polydopamine (PDA) nanofluids for highly efficient solar evaporation. Green Energy & Environment, 7(1), 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2020.07.020
[39] Yew, Y. P., Shameli, K., Miyake, M., Kuwano, N., Bt Ahmad Khairudin, N. B., Bt Mohamad, S. E., & Lee, K. X. (2016). Green synthesis of magnetite (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝑂𝑂4) nanoparticles using seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) extract. Nanoscale research letters, 11(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1498-2
[40] Jajarm, A. R. A., Goshayeshi, H. R., Bashirnezhad, K., Chaer, I., Toghraie, D., & Salahshour, S. (2024). Combined effect of the magnetic field, orientation, and filling ratio on cylindrical pulsating heat pipe using distilled water and distilled water/𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝑂𝑂4 nanofluid. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 590, 171712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2024.171712
[41] M. Legay, N. Gondrexon, S. Le Person, P. Boldo, and A. Bontemps, "Enhancement of heat transfer by ultrasound: review and recent advances," International Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 2011, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/670108
[42] N. Mat Budari, M. F. Ali, K. H. Ku Hamid, and M. Musa, "Ultrasonic Irradiation on Microorganism Disruption in Water Disinfection Process–A Mini Overview," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 754, pp. 676-681, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net%2FAMM.754-755.676
[43] Devi, M., Dutta, P. P., & Mohanta, D. (2015). Analytical calculation of chain length in ferrofluids. Bulletin of Materials Science, 38, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-014-0812-9
[44] Dutta, P., Dutta, P. P., Kalita, P., Goswami, P., & Choudhury, P. K. (2021). Energy analysis of a mixed-mode corrugated aluminum alloy (AlMn1Cu) plate solar air heater. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 3352-3357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.156