اثر تنش کم آبی و کاربرد مواد جاذب رطوبت بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم پاییزه در اراک
محورهای موضوعی : یافته های نوین کشاورزیمحمد فرمهینی فراهانی 1 , محمد میرزاخانی 2 , نور علی ساجدی 3
1 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک، ارشد زراعت، اراک، ایران
2 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد فراهان، گروه کشاورزی، فراهان، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اراک، اراک، ایران
کلید واژه: تنش آبی, کود دامی, گندم, عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد, بنتونیت, زئو لیت,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی اثر تنش آبی و مصرف مواد جاذب رطوبت مانند کود دامی، زئولیت و بنتونیت آزمایشی در سال زراعی 90-1389 اجرا شده است. آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمار های آزمایش شامل آبیاری در سه سطح (100%، 85% و 70%) نیاز آبی گیاه که در تیمار اصلی، مصرف مواد جاذب رطوبت در شش سطح (شاهد، کود دامی 30 تن در هکتار، کود دامی 15 تن درهکتار + 4 تن زئولیت درهکتار، کود دامی 15 تن درهکتار+ 2 تن بنتونیت در هکتار، 4 تن زئولیت در هکتار + 2 تن بنتونیت در هکتار و کود دامی 15 تن در هکتار + 4 تن زئولیت در هکتار + 2 تن بنتونیت درهکتار) در کرت های فرعی روی گندم رقم الوند، انجام شد. نتایج استفاده از تیمارهای کودی نشان داده که تاثیر معنی داری بر شاخص برداشت خوشه ، تعداد سنبلچه و دانه در خوشه داشته است. در بین اثرات متقابل تیمار تعداد دانه در سنبله و وزن هزار دانه در سطح یک درصد و عملکرد دانه در سطح پنج درصد معنی دار بود. در سطح آبیاری شاهد مصرف زئولیت و کود دامی بالاترین عملکرد، درسطح آبیاری 85 % تنش آبی مصرف 30تن کود دامی و در سطح آبیاری 70% تنش آبی مصرف زئولیت و کود دامی بالاترین عملکرد را داشته اند. نتایج نشان داد مصرف زئولیت همراه کود دامی می تواند عملکرد را افزایش دهد. با توجه به خشک سالی های چند سال گذشته و محدویت های آبیاری که در کشور وجود دارد و قیمت مناسب زئولیت و دوام پنج ساله آن می توان برای کاهش خسارت ناشی از آبیاری به کشاورزان توصیه نمود.
Effect of water stress and absorbent substance such as animal manure, zeolite and bentonite in a field trial training - Islamic Azad University in agricultural research is conducted 2010 - 11. Tested in a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of three irrigation treatments (100%, 85% and 70%) required water treatment plant in the main,Use absorbent materials on six levels (controls, 30 tons of manureper hectare, 15 tons of manure + 4 tons zeolite per hectare, 15 tons of manure per hectare consumption of + 2 tons of bentonite, zeoliteof 4 tons per hectare consumption of+ 2 tons of bentonite per hectare and 15 tons of manure+2 tons bentonite + 4 tons of zeoliteper hectare)in sub plots on wheat type alvand. Results showed that the effect of water stress on traits such as plant height, seed weight and seed yield and harvest index of the level of a cluster was significant at five percent. The results show that the use of fertilizers a significant effect on panicle harvest index, number of spikelets per panicle and grain has. highest levels of water stress on grain yield average of 8 / 5 tons per hectare to irrigation based on plant water requirement was 100 percent and lowest average yield of 4/03 tons per acre to plant irrigation was 70% water requirement. The results show that the zeolite used with manure can increase performance. Given the multi-year drought and water restrictions that exist in the country and Zeolite and its five-year price stability can be recommended to reduce the damage caused by irrigation farmers.
1- Abedi-Koupai, J., and J. Asadkazemi. 2006. Effect of a hydrophilic polymer on the field preformance of an ornamental plant (Cupressus Arizonica) under reduced irrigation regimes.” J. of Iranian Polimer, 15(9), 715-725.
2- Afifi, M. M (2009). How can the world be saved from starvation? Congress on Food and Life Shiraz University.
3- Ahmadi, a. Ciosemardeh, A. Postini, K. and jahromi, M, A (2002). Rate and duration of grain filling and remobilization of carbon in wheat cultivars in response to drought stress. Journal of Crop Science.vol 40. No 1. P 181-195.
4- Ahmadi, A (2000). Stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis under water stress conditions Drgndm. Journal of agriculture of Iran. Vol 1. No 4.
5- Aghdak, p. Mobli, m. Khoshgoftar, A, M. and SHakeri, F (2007). Effects of adding bentonite to different substrates on vegetative growth and yield of bean plant. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. Vol, 1. No, 3.
6- Akhter, J., K. Mahmood, K. A. Malik, A. Mardan, M. Ahmad and M. M. Igbal. 2004. Effect of hydrogel amendment on water storage of sandy loam and loam soil and seedling growth of barley, wheat and chickpea. Plant Soil Environ. 50: 463-469.
7- Andrews, R. D and S. B. Kimi. 1996. Improvements in yield and quality of crops with zeoponic fertilizer delivery systems: Turf, flower, vegwtables, and Grain. Malaysian Agricultural Research.
8- Bhattacharyya, T., Pal, D. K., and Deshpande, S. B. (1993). “Genesis and transformation of minerals in the formation of red (Alfisols) and black (Inceptisols and Vertisols) soils on deccan basalt in the western Ghats, India.” J. Soil Sci., 44, 159-171.
9- Calderini, D. F., M.P. Reynolds and G. A. Slafer. 1999. Genetic gains in wheat yield and main physiological changes associated with them during the 20th century. In: Satorre, E. H., and G. A. Slafer, (Eds.). Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination. New York: Food Products Press.
10- Dastfal, M. Barati, M. Emam, Y. Haghighatnia, H. and Ramezanpor, M (2011). Evaluation of grain yield and its components in wheat genotypes under terminal drought stress in Darab. Seed and Plant Journal of Agricultural. P 2- 27. 217- 195.
11- Danko, J., Trakovicky, M., and Zemtakova, Z. 2001. Effect of N-nutrition on gas exchange characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 4.Proceedings of the international Science Conference on the Occasion of the 55th Anniversary of the Slovak, Agricultural University in Nitra.4pp.
12- Derara, N. F., D. R. Marshal, and L. N. Balaam. 1969. Genetic variability in root development in relation to drought tolerance in spring wheats. Exp. Agric. 5: 327-337.
13- Emam, y(2005). Book of cereal crops. Publications Shiraz University. No 3. p 190.
14- Ferguson, G. A., and Pepper, I. L. (1987). “Ammonium retention in sand amended with clinoptilolite.” J. of Soil Sci. Soc. Am, 51, 231-234.
15- Gholamhosseyni, M, A. ghalavand, S, M. Modaressanavi, M. and Jamshidi, A (2007). Impact of land use on sandy compost, zeolite, the yield and other agronomic traits in sunflower. Journal Environmental Science. Vol 5. No 1. Fall 2007.
16- Golabadi, M. and Zamani, A (2008). Effects of late season water stress on wheat yield and Mrvfvlvzhyk in F3 families Drvm. Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol, 6. No, 2. P 405.
17- Hashemidezfoli, A (1994). The concept of water use efficiency. Journal of Research and Development.No,25.
18- Kafi, M and Rostami, M (2007). Effect of drought stress on yield, yield components in safflower oil, salt stress. Iranian Journal of arable Pzhvsh. Vol 5. No 1.
19- Nachit, M. M., H. Ketata and E. Acevedo. 1991. Selection of morphophysilogical traits for multiple abiotic stresses resistance in durum wheat. Physiology-Breeding of Winter Cereal for Stressed Mediternean Environments.Proc. of a Seminar, pp: 391-400.
20- Naghavi, H. and Hajabasi, M. A (2005). Impact of manure on some physical properties of a sandy loam soil hydraulic parameters and Bromide Transport Drkrman. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Vol, 9. No, 3.
21- Nazemosadat. M, J. and Kazemi, A (2003). Effects of water stress and photosynthetic active radiation on photosynthetic rate in wheat. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources.vol 14. No 6.
22- Niknam, N (2005). The effect of terminal drought on grain yield and some morphological traits in wheat genotypes. G. Company.
23- Maleki, A. Majidi harvan, A. Heydari shrifabadi, H. and Normohammadi, GH (2005). Evaluation of drought tolerance in bread wheat landraces and improved water conditions and drought. Journal of Modern Agriculture. Vol 5. No 16. Fall 2009.
24- Mirzakhani, M. M. and Sibi, M (2010). Response to water stress and crop physiological traits zeolite. Proceedings of the second national conference on sustainable agriculture and development, opportunities and challenges ahead, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, Shiraz. P 21.
25- Paknejad, F. Jamialahmad, M. Pazoki, a. And nasiri, M (2006). Effects of water stress on yield and yield components of wheat cultivars. Journal of environmental stresses in agricultural sciences. Vol, 1. No, 1. pp 1-15.
26- Parvizi, Y and Nabati, A (2003). Irrigation of manure and fertilizer on water use efficiency and crop yield qualitative and quantitative. Journal Research and Construction. No 63.
27- Richards, R. A., A. G. Condon and G. RebetzkeJ. 2001. Traits to improve yield in dry environments. In: Reynolds, M. P., J. I. Ortiz-Monasterio and A. McNab. (Eds.). Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico, D.F. CIMMYT. 240 pp.
28- Rigby, D. and Caceres, D. 2001. Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems 68 (2001) 21-40.
29- Rostami, M (2004). Asrtnsh late season drought on physiological characteristics of wheat and determine best practice and indicators of drought resistance. Master's thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
30- Royo, C., M. Abaza, R. Blanco, and L. F.Garcia del Moral. 2000. Triticale grain growth and morphometry as affected by drought stress, late sowing and simulated drought stress. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 27, 1051-1059.
32- Tohidi, H (2010). The use of bentonite in Constructing ground. Congress on Tehran's oil industry achievements.
33- Saneoka, H., Moghaieb, R.E.A., Premachandra, G.S., and Fujita, K. 2004. Nitrogen nutrition and water stress effects on cell membrane stability and leaf water relations in Agrostis palustris Huds. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 52:131–138.
34- Sibi, M. Mirzakhani, M. M. Gomarian, M. and Babakr, A (2011). The initial water content of the crop water stress, and salicylic acid zeolite. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Strategies for achieving sustainable agriculture payam nor khozestan province. Ahvaz.
35- Urotadze, S. L., T. A. Andronikashvili and G. V. Tsitishvili. 2002. Output of a winter wealth grown on enriched by Aloumontite containing rock. Book of Zeolite Abstracts.Yordanov, I., Velikova, V., and Tsonev, T. 2003. Plant response to drought and stress tolerance. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. Special Issue. P:187-206.
36- Usefvand, P. Sajedi, N. and Mirzakhani, M (2011). Effects of zeolite and selenium under drought stress on yield and yield components of sunflower oil. First National Conference on Strategies for achieving sustainable agriculture. University payam nour khozestan.
37- Yordanov, I., Velikova, V., and Tsonev, T. 2003. Plant response to drought and stress tolerance. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. Special Issue. P:187-206.
38- Wood, R., M. Lenzen, C. Dey and S. Lundie. 2006. A comparative study of some environmental impacts of conventional and organic farming in Australia. Agricultural Systems 89: 324–348.