تبیین نیازها و حقوق زنان زندانی در ایران با تاکید بر قوانین و استانداردهای بین‌المللی و داخلی

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زن و جامعه

خدیجه مرادی ¹

1 - دکترای علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران، کارشناس قوه‌قضائیه

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/08/08 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/08/08 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/11/01

کلید واژه: وضعیت مطلوب, زندان زنان, مدیریت زندان زنان, رفتار با زندانی زن, وضعیت موجود,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف: زن سنگ بنای خانواده و جامعه است و نقش کلیدی در امنیت روانی و سلامت جامعه ایفا می‌نماید. حضور هرچند اندک زنان در زندان، محیطی امنیتی همراه با ترس و خشونت، سلامت زنان به ویژه سلامت روان ایشان را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد و به دلیل نقش زنان در خانواده و جامعه می‌تواند بر کیفیت زندگی دیگر افراد تاثیر گذارد و باعث بروز آسیب‌های متعدد دیگر گردد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی مشکلات و نیازهای زنان زندانی براساس تجربه زنان و دیگر افراد مرتبط با زندان زنان و همچنین ترسیم وضعیت مطلوب با استفاده از تحلیل قوانین و استانداردهای بین‌المللی و داخلی در حوزه مدیریت زندان زنان است. روش­: رویکرد پژوهش کیفی و در دو گام انجام شده است. در گام نخست قوانین و استانداردهای بین‌المللی و داخلی تحلیل محتوای کیفی شده و مواد مرتبط با حقوق زنان زندانی شناسایی و استخراج شده‌اند و در گام دوم، تجربه زیسته زنان زندانی و دیگر افرادی که با زندان زنان مرتبط بوده‌اند در مصاحبه‌ها، گزارش‌ها، فیلم‌ها و مستندات شناسایی و تحلیل محتوای کیفی شده‌اند. یافته ­ها: نتایج پژوهش مهمترین مشکلات زندان زنان را معرفی کرده و براساس تطبیق آن با قوانین و استانداردهای بین‌المللی وداخلی راهکارهای برای حل مشکلات شناسایی شده، ارائه و در پایان براساس نتایج پژوهش، پیشنهاداتی ذکر شده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Although female prisoners make up two to three percent of the total population of prisoners in the country, but due to the important role they play in the family as well as the society, they play a very effective role in improving or reducing the quality of life of people in a society. Improper management of women's prisons and inappropriate treatment of female prisoners can affect their physical health and especially their mental health and cause many other harms to their family and society. The purpose of the current research is to outline the favorable status of prison management and proper treatment of female prisoners, as well as to identify the most important problems in women's prisons (outline of the current status) in Iran. The approach of research is qualitative and the method of research is qualitative content analysis of international and domestic standards, laws and guidelines. The research results have introduced the most important problems of women's prisons. Based on drawing the favorable status, the solutions to solve the identified problems are presented, and at the end, based on the research results, suggestions are presented.

منابع و مأخذ:

1.       Statistical Centre of Iran. Sex Ratio of The Country's Population. 2017, Retrieved in the Month of 1401.

2.       Paramasivan, C. A Study on Status of Women in Prison in India. Wesleyan Journal of Research. 2021; 14 (4).

3.       Abbott, L. Perinatal Women in Prison. In: Complex Social Issues and the Perinatal Woman. Berlin: Springer; (2021).

4.       Bucerius, S., Sandberg, S. Women in Prisons. Crime and Justice. 2022; 51 (3).

5.       Krabbe, M., Kempen, P. H. Women in prison: a transnational perspective. In: Women in Prison: The Bangkok Rules and Beyond. Cambridge: Intersentia; 2018.

6.       Parveen, R. Custody and Care Mental Health Issues of Women in Prison. International Journal of Research. 2015; 2 (2).

7.       United Nation of Human Rights. Women and Detention.  2014; Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/OnePagers/Women_and_Detention.pdf

8.       Penal Reform International. Practice Sheet on Penal Reform. 2008; 3, Retrieved from: https://www.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/brf-03-2008-women-in-prison-fr.pdf

9.         Naseri, S., Makarian Farg, Z., Hazrati, S. Investigating the Role of Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Non-Returning to Prison among the Prisoners in South Khorasan Province. Journal of Social Order. 2018; 10 (3).

10.   Coyle, A. Prisons of the World. Bristol: Policy Press; 2018.

11.   Ginneken, E. The Pain and Purpose of Punishment: A Subjective Perspective. Howard League, 2016.

12.   Kasera, P. Rights of Women Prisoners in India. 2020. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3621467 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3621467.

13.   Karlsson, M.E; Zielinski, M.J. Sexual Victimization and Mental Illness Prevalence Rates Among Incarcerated Women: A Literature Review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020; 21(2).

14.   Oliveira TMF, Ferreira HLOC, Freitas VCA, Lima FSS, Vasconcelos FX, Costa N, Pinheiro AKB. Vulnerabilities Associated with Violence Against Women Before Entering The Prison System. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2022;56: e20220167.

15.   Amani, M; Davar panah, M; Emami, M. Examining International Documents Related to the Rights of women Prisoners. Journal of Humanities horizons, 36, 2020.

16.   Rashidi, A., Barati, M. Studying the Conditions of Women Prisoners and Their Rehabilitation Methods:A Case Study of Arak Prisoners, 1394. Women's Studies. 2015; 7 (17).

17.  Sadeghi F., S., Mirhosseini, Z. Sociological Analysis of Women's Narratives from Prison, after Release. Women in Development and Politics, 2014; 12 (3), 345-362.

18.   Saidi, F., Hosseini, M. Investigating the Socio-Economic Status of Women Prisoners (Case Study of Women's Prison In Lorestan Province). Policewoman, 2014; 22.

19.   Danesh, P. Maleki, A., Niazi, Z. Ground Theory about the Addictioncauses of The Addicted Women in Jail of Central Prison of Isfahan. Journal of Studies of Socio-Cultural Developmen. 2013; 1 (4).

20.   Mirhosseini, Z. Phenomenology of Criminal Grounds in Women. Quarterly Journal of Social Work. 2016; 2(8).

21.   Roshanpour, M.,  Mohseni, R. A., Aghajani Marsa, H. Identifying the Constructive Dimensions of Social Exclusion of Female Prisoners. Women's Strategic Studies. 2018; 21 (83).

22.   Larijan, M. Perception of The Experience of Imprisonment among Delinquent Women. Journal of Social Problems. 2021; 11 (2).

23.   Kaykhosravi, H., Kaldi, A., Nanabakhsh, M., Aghajani, H. Sociological Explanation of the Moral and Social Collapse in Women with Sexual Exclusion. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society. 2021; 12 (46).

24.   Saidi, M., Sanatkhah, A., Shirvanipor, A. The sociological study of the factors affecting beatings and murders Among female prisoners in Kerman. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society. 2021; 12 (47).

25.   Bright, A.-M., Higgins, A. and Grealish, A. Women’s experiences of prison-based mental healthcare: a systematic review of qualitative literature, International Journal of Prisoner Health. 2023; 19 (2).

26.   Harner, H. M.; Riley, S. The Impact of Incarceration on Women’s Mental Health: Responses from Women in a Maximum-Security Prison. Qualitative Health Research. 2012; 23 (1).

27.   Salah, E. Women’s Health in Prisons in Africa: Prevalence and Challenges to Address HIV Among Women in Prison in Africa. The European Journal of Public Health. 2020; 30 (5).

28.   Naidoo,S.; Subramaney, U.;Paruk, S.; Ferreira1, L. Mental illness and HIV amongst female inmates in Durban, South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2022; 28.

29.   Camplain, R.; Williamson, H. J.; Pinn, T.; Shuman, S.; Robinson, B. M.; Evans, M.; Luna, C. Barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during recreation time among women incarcerated. BMC Women's Health.2022; 22 (1).

30.   Rodríguez, E. M., M., Romero, M. P., Durand-Smith, A.; Colmenares-Bermúdez, E., Saldívar, G. Experiences of Physical Violence Exported by Their Partner of Women in Prison. Salud Mental. 2006; 29(2).

31.   Bhatli, P., Shruthi, Cp. Humanising the Prison Walls. 2016; Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297208983_Humanising_the_Prison_walls.

32.   Tsegaye, T. What Are the Challenges of Women in Incarceration? The Case of Dessie Correctional Center [Master's thesis]. Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Wollo University; 2018.

33.   Vears, D. F.; Gillam, L. Inductive Content Analysis: A Guide for Beginning Qualitative Researchers. Focus on Health Professional Education. 2022; 32 (1).

34.   Oluwaseun, S., Ibrahim, O., Akeem, B. An Assessment Of The Reliability Of Secondary Data In Management Science Research. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 2019; 7 (3).

35.   Karimi, M. A. A Study of the Jurisprudential Principles of Prison Punishment in Islam. Modern Jurisprudence and Law. 2021; 1 (3).138-152.

36.   United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The Bangkok Rules. 2014.

37.   United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. 2015.

38.   Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. European Prison Rules, revised 2020. 2006; Retrieved from:  https://cdn.penalreform.org.

39.   Organization of Prisons and Security and Educational Measures of The Country. Explaining the Rights of Detainees, respecting their Dignity and How to Monitor Detention Centers. 2022.

40.  Organization of Prisons and Security and Educational Measures of The Country. The Executive Regulations of the Prisons Organization and Security and Educational Measures of the Country. 2022 Retrieved in May 2022 from: https://www.qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/197192

41.  Farnia, M., Shahbazi, M., Moradi, G., Alizadeh, S., Ebrahi, B., Kandi Kalle, M. Evaluation of Harm Reduction Programs in Prisons From The Attitude And Viewpoint of Iranian Prison Staff. Sjsph. 2013; 11 (1).

42.  Denny, M. Norway's Prison System: Investigating Recidivism and Reintegration. Bridges: A Journal of Student Research. 2016; 2 (10).