انگاره مکان تاب‌آور در نظریه تاب‌آوری فضایی: مرور کیفی
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهریمسعود شفیعی دستجردی 1 * , ازاده لک 2 , علی غفاری 3
1 - دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
3 - دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: تاب‌آوری شهری, تاب‌آوری فضایی, مکان تاب‌آور, طراحی شهری,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه به دلیل بروز شرایط پیچیده و تغییرات اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی در روند توسعه شهرها، تبیین راهبردها و چارچوب‌های تاب‌آور بیش از پیش مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. اگرچه نگاشت نقشه‌ای و مهندسی تاب‌آوری شهری برای درک مخاطرات، مهم و کاربردی به نظر می‌رسد اما این رویکرد با وجود پیشرفت‌های اخیر در زمینه سنجش و ارزیابی تاب‌آوری، برای تحقق مکان تاب‌آور با چالش‌های زیادی روبرو است. علاوه بر مولفه‌های کمی، مولفه‌های غیرفیزیکی با ویژگی‌های کیفی مختلف و با روابط و تعاملات متنوع از عوامل تاثیرگذار در ایجاد مکان تاب‌آور هستند. این مقاله سعی دارد، دلالت اصلی نظریه تاب‌آوری فضایی را در حوزه طراحی شهری و نسبت مولفه‌های سازنده مکان را در این نظریه با کاربست مدل تحلیلی تاب‌آوری فضایی تبیین نماید. بر این اساس در دو بخش تعداد 26 مقاله در بازه زمانی 1351 (1972) تا خرداد 1399 (ژوئن 2020) با رویکردهای تاب‌آوری شهری و تاب‌آوری فضایی انتخاب شدند و به روش تحلیل محتوا، مفاهیم تاثیرگذار در مقیاس طراحی شهری استخراج شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش از گرایش رویکردهای طراحی شهری به سمت تحقق تاب‌آوری با تمرکز بر مقیاس محلی و با رویکرد ایجاد مکان تاب‌آور در ادبیات موضوع حکایت دارد. مفهوم تاب‌آوری فضایی در مقیاس طراحی شهری بر پایه درک چند وجهی از مولفه‌های سازنده مکان، ارتباطات و تبادلات بین آنها و هم‌تکاملی عناصر مختلف مکان، در ادبیات موضوع مفهوم‌سازی شده است. هدف رویکرد تاب‌آوری فضایی در برابر تغییرات مداوم، افزایش ظرفیت تطبیق‌پذیری مولفه‌های سازنده کیفیت مکان است. جنبه‌های شکل‌دهنده تاب‌آوری فضایی در بازه‌های "کالبد و ساختار"، "فعالیت و عملکرد" و "تصویر و معنا" قرار دارد و برای داشتن عملکرد بهتر، متناظر با ویژگی‌های بستر مورد مطالعه، بایستی در هر سه جنبه مکان، مشخصه‌های تاب‌آوری را مشاهده نمود.
Today, due to complex conditions and social, economic, and environmental changes in the development process of cities, the explanation of strategies and frameworks has received more attention than before. Although urban resilience mapping and engineering seem important and practical to understand the risks, but this approach, despite recent advances in measuring and evaluating resilience, is associated with many challenges to achieve a resilient place. In addition to quantitative components, non-physical components with different qualitative characteristics and various interactions are influential factors in creating a resilient place. This research is based on an extensive review of the literature on the spatial resilience in the RPA model, to define the framework of the resilient place and its quantitative and qualitative components that can be effective in producing a resilience measurement tool in the field of urban design. Using systematic review and analysis of the content of resilience research, this article provides a conceptual framework for defining the resilient place. Accordingly, in two sections, 26 articles were selected in the period from 1972 to June 2020 with urban resilience and spatial resilience approaches, and effective concepts in the urban design scale were extracted by content analysis method. The shift of urban design approaches towards the realization of resilience with a focus on the local scale and with the approach of creating a resilient place is evident in the literature. The concept of spatial resilience is defined in the literature based on a multifaceted understanding of the constituent components of place, the interactions, and the co-evolution of the various elements of place. The purpose of the spatial adaptation approach vis-a-vis continuous changes is to increase the adaptive capacity of the components of place. The shaping aspects of spatial resilience fall into the categories of "form and structure", "environment and activity" and "image and meaning", and in order to have better performance, the characteristics of resilience must be observed in all three aspects.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Different approaches have introduced the spatial dimension of resilience in the last decade. Nevertheless, this term has not yet been fully conceptualized in the field of urban design, and despite the repeated emphasis of resilience research on the important role of place, there is still a knowledge gap in the development of the concept of spatial resilience and the concept of resilient place.
Methodology
In this research, a systematic literature review has been conducted to review the spatial resilience literature to review, combine, and report the results in a reproducible way. A systematic search framework has been designed and developed based on the Prisma protocol.
Results and discussion
Resilient place-based strategies operationalized in the spatial resilience approach can help improve the quality of a place by identifying and managing local assets. The concept of a resilient place is beyond the quality of the artificial environment. In this article, the formative aspects of spatial resilience, including "form and structure", "activity and behavior" and "image and meaning", have provided a spatial resilience framework for evaluating resilient places.
Conclusion
To define the framework of resilient place analysis, the spatial resilience approach based on the RPA model can be considered. In this model, in addition to physical factors, perceptual and behavioral factors are also considered in resilience analysis. In this model, the construction and realization of resilience are formed from the scale of the neighborhood and in the form of creating a resilient place, and the resilience criteria are defined in three layers corresponding to the internal power of the elements of the place, reinforcing features and the response path. In the central core of spatial resilience in the RPA model, there are three qualitative components of place.
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